缓释掺混肥配比对稻茬小麦产量、氮素利用和籽粒品质的影响

为探究不同缓释掺混肥配比对稻茬小麦生产的影响,在沿淮下游地区,以淮麦52和淮麦920为材料,通过随机区组试验,以缓释掺混肥(SRF,N∶P2O5∶K_(2)O=26∶12∶12)和丰卉尿素(U,46%N)为供试肥料,设置U四次分施(M_(1))、SRF一次基施(M_(2))、60%SRF基施+40%U拔节期追施(M_(3))、60%SRF基施+40%SRF返青期追施(M_(4))、M_(3)模式减氮15%(M_(5))和M_(4)模式减氮15%(M_(6))6种施肥模式,分析了不同处理下小麦产量、氮素积累及利用、干物质转运和品质等的差异。结果表明,缓释掺混肥一次基施(M_(2))和减氮15%条件下两次分施(M_(5)和M_(6))较常规肥料处理(M_(1))均能实现稳产。缓释掺混肥两次分施(M_(4))可有效促进稻茬小麦花后光合物质生产和氮素向籽粒运转,增加籽粒氮素积累量,提高氮肥利用率,氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率、氮素生理效率和氮收获指数分别较M_(1)处理增加16.49%、11.09%、4.86%和4.72%,较M_(2)处理增加21.31%、15.19%、5.32%和18.60%;M_(4)处理较M_(1)处理增产9.01%和6.78%,较M_(2)处理增产11.43%和12.10%,实现产量提升的同时显著改善小麦籽粒蛋白品质。综上,60%缓释掺混肥基施和40%缓释掺混肥返青期追施有助于实现小麦的高产优质高效生产,适宜在沿淮下游稻茬麦区推广应用。

节水灌溉条件下小麦新品系‘石17T5252’丰产性和品质分析

为了推荐节水小麦新品种用于缓解河北省农业用水压力,探究节水小麦新品系‘石17T5252’的节水丰产特性。本实验检测了新选育小麦品系‘石17T5252’和河北省节水对照品种‘石麦22’全生育期不灌水(W0)、灌拔节水(W1)、灌拔节和灌浆水(W2)的产量、形态、灌浆和品质性状,并对拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆中期叶片的荧光参数进行检测。结果表明,W1和W2处理下‘石17T5252’产量显著高于‘石麦22’,分别增产10.32%和7.56%;其中W1通过增加千粒重增加产量,W2通过增加穗粒数和千粒重增加产量。W1和W2较W0的株高没有增加,但‘石麦22’的穗长和‘石17T5252’的穗粒数较W0显著增加,分别增加了0.72~0.84 cm和1.33~5.03粒;W2较W1显著增加‘石麦22’籽粒的长度和宽度,分别增加0.36 mm和0.32 mm,‘石17T5252’增加了0.31 mm的籽粒宽度。荧光参数检测仅在W0处理下发现‘石麦22’抽穗期的Fv/Fm显著高于‘石17T5252’。除容重外在3种灌溉制度下‘石17T5252’蛋白含量、湿面筋含量和面筋指数显著优于‘石麦22’。说明‘石17T5252’在节水灌溉条件下产量与品质得到同步提升,有望成为河北节水灌溉的小麦主栽品种。

Establishment of a Highly Efficient Regeneration System for the Mature Embryo Culture of Wheat

Establishment of a highly efficient regeneration system for the mature embryo of wheat will provide a convenient tool for wheat tissue culture and transformation, thereby facilitating the transformation of foreign genes into wheat. By using the mature embryos derived from 20 different wheat lines including Shi 4185, Yumai 66, Lunxuan 987, CB037, Yangmai 6, Xinchun 9, Bobwhite, Han 6172, Zheng 9023, Jimai 20, Ningchun 4, and Jing 411, the effects of some factors including inoculation methods, initiating culture media, organic additives, antioxidants, and auxins on the regeneration from the explants were evaluated. The results indicated that the scraping embryo culture was better than the whole embryo culture, the Aa medium was better than the SD2 medium and dicamba was better than 2,4-D in increasing the regeneration frequency. An Adi medium was established in this study by adding silver nitrate, cysteine, ascorbic acid, dicamba, glutamine into the Aa medium at the concentration of 4,40, 100, 2, and 5 mg L^-1, respectively. By using the Adi medium and the scraping technique, the regeneration frequencies of the mature embryos of CB037, Lunxuan 987, Hart 6172, Yangmai 6, Bobwhite, Zheng 9023, Shi 4 185, and Jimai 20 became 85.6, 60,1, 46.0, 42.1,42.0, 34.0, 33.0, and 32.0%, respectively, which were about 5-8 times higher than that obtained from the conventional culture mediums and techniques. This novel regeneration system could be helpful in wheat transformation.

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of three homoeologous Ta14S genes encoding 14-3-3 proteins in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

The purpose of this study was to characterize Ta14 S homoeologs and assess their functions in wheat seed development.The genomic and c DNA sequences of three Ta14 S homoeologous genes encoding 14-3-3 proteins were isolated.Sequence analysis revealed that the three homoeologs consisted of five exons and four introns and were very highly conserved in the coding regions and in exon/intron structure,whereas the c DNA sequences were variable in the 5′ and 3′-UTR.The three genes,designated as Ta14S-2A,Ta14S-2B and Ta14S-2D,were located in homoeologous group 2 chromosomes.The polypeptide chains of the three Ta14 S genes were highly similar.These genes were most homologous to Hv14 A from barley.Real-time quantitative PCR indicated that the three Ta14 S genes were differentially expressed in different organs at different developmental stages and all exhibited greater expression in primary roots of 1-day-old germlings than in other tissues.Comparison of the expression patterns of the three homoeologous genes at different times after pollination also revealed that their expression was developmentally regulated.The transcription of Ta14S-2B was clearly higher during seed germination,whereas expressions of Ta14S-2A and Ta14S-2D were up-regulated at the beginning of seed imbibition(0–12 h),but declined thereafter.The results suggested that the three Ta14 S homoeologous genes have regulatory roles in seed development and germination.

iTRAQ-based quantitative proteome characterization of wheat grains during filling stages

Using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification （iTRAQ） and associated analytic technologies, we have cataloged and compared 7 069 unique wheat proteins expressed during four substages of the filling stage. Among them, 859 are differentially expressed, showing at least a 2-fold difference in concentration across substages. Differentially expressed proteins （DEPs） includind high-molecular weight giutenin subunit （W5AIU1）, low-molecular weight glutenin subunit （QSW3V4）, gliadin/avenin-like seed protein （D2KFG9）, and avenin-like protein （W5DVL2）, all of which have previously been identified as important for nutritional quality and bread-making properties, and all of which were found to increase at the latter stages of development. We have applied statistical techniques to group the proteins into hierarchical clusters, and have consulted databases to infer functional and other relationships among the identified proteins.

1B Specific LMW-GS Primers Cloned a 1D Located Gene from Wheat Cultivar Xiaoyan 22

In the present study, one unique low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit （LMW-GS） gene. LMWXY22-2 （GenBank no. FJ028810）, was isolated from wheat cultivar Xiaoyan 22 （Triticum aestivum L.） by a pair of genomic specific PCR primers for 1B chromosome. Sequence analysis revealed that LMWXY22-2 was composed of 1 364 bp nucleotides, including a 317 bp promotion region and a 1 047 bp coding region which could be translated into a mature protein of 349 amino acids. In spite of a few minor mutations, the sequence of 5＇ untranslated region （UTR）, the coding region, the deduced N- and Cterminus comparisons indicated that LMWXY22-2 belonged to the reported subunits of LMW-m type and type lII group 5, respectively. Inner gene markers for 1D chromosome together with the phylogenetic analysis revealed that this gene was classified into Glu-D3, which was not in agreement with the I B locus-specific primers for LMW genes completely.

Cloning and Diversity Analysis of TaHKT2;2 in Hexaploid Wheat

In order to study the roles of members of HKT gene fanfily in wheat, TaHKT2 ; 2 was isolated by using homologous cloning strategy and screening genomic BAC library. TaHKT2; 2 genes were mapped on chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D, named as TaHKT2; 2-7A, TaHKT2; 2-7B, and TaHKT2; 2-7D, respectively. TaHKT2 ; 2 and TaHKT2 ; 1 had the same genetic structure, composed of three exons and two introns, and formed a cluster with TaHKT2 ; 1 on the phylogenetic tree of plant HKT transporters. The coding sequences of TaHKT2 ; 2-7A, TaHKT2 ; 2-7B, and TaHKT2 ; 2-7D were 1 602, 1 602 and 1 596 bp long, respectively, but TaHKT2 ;2-7D cDNA sequence was not isolated by RT-PCR in eight wheat varieties. The natural diversity of TaHKT2 ;2 genes was analyzed by cloning and sequencing from 12 wheat varieties. The results showed that TaHKT2;2-7A was found to be more diverse than TaHKT2; 2-7B and TaHKT2; 2-7D. Only a few bases changed in the alleles of TaHKT2 ; 2 genes in wheat. No amino-acid natural variation lay in the P-loops of deduced protein sequences of all alleles of TaHKT2 ; 2 in 12 wheat varieties. The identity of coding sequences was nmch higher than that of 5＇ flanking regions of TaHKT2 ; 2 genes. TaHKT2 ; 2 nfight be selected over the comse of wheat domestication and belonged to domestication gene.

小麦面粉黄色素含量相关分子标记的研究进展

黄色素含量是小麦面粉重要的品质性状,培育高黄色素含量小麦品种逐渐成为小麦育种的重要目标之一。本文从黄色素生物合成途径的关键酶(八氢番茄红素合酶、八氢番茄红素脱氢酶、ζ-胡萝卜素脱氢酶和ε-番茄红素环化酶)以及小麦面粉加工和贮藏过程中对面粉具有漂白作用的氧化酶(脂氧合酶和过氧化物酶)两个方面对小麦面粉黄色素含量相关基因分子标记的研究进展进行综述,并探讨高黄色素含量小麦品种的育种思路,以期为建立高黄色素含量小麦分子标记辅助育种体系提供理论参考。

不同氮肥处理对稻茬晚播小麦‘淮麦36’产量、氮素利用率和品质的影响

为探究江苏淮北地区稻茬晚播小麦丰产优质高效栽培的适宜施肥方法,以‘淮麦36’为材料,采用二因素裂区设计,以施氮量为主区(210、240、270 kg/hm2),氮肥运筹为裂区(基肥:壮蘖肥:拔节肥:孕穗肥为0:3:3:4、0:4:6:0、3:1:4:2、3:2:3:2和3:3:3:1),分析不同氮肥处理对小麦产量、氮素利用率和品质的影响。结果表明,氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率和产量均随施氮量的增加而呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,施氮量240 kg/hm2分别较210 kg/hm2和270 kg/hm2提高10.66%和14.22%、8.94%和13.11%、13.94%和0.89%;氮素积累量、氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率、氮素生理效率、氮收获指数和籽粒产量在不同氮肥运筹处理间均表现为3:1:4:2>3:2:3:2>3:3:3:1>0:3:3:4>0:4:6:0,产量最大增幅为15.22%。说明重施拔节孕穗肥有利于提高稻茬晚播小麦的氮素利用率和产量。氮肥适当后移和分施拔节肥与孕穗肥可提升稻茬晚播小麦的千粒重和籽粒品质。综上,本试验条件下,施氮量为240 kg/hm2、基肥:壮蘖肥:拔节肥:孕穗肥为3:1:4:2时,可实现小麦产量与氮素利用率和籽粒品质的协同提高。

带旋和全旋耕作对稻茬小麦生长和土壤理化性质的影响

为明确带旋耕作在稻茬麦区的适用性,该研究于2018—2020年在水稻秸秆切碎匀铺还田条件下,以全旋(full rotary tillage,FRT)耕作为对照,研究了带旋(strip rotary tillage,SRT)耕作对稻茬麦田土壤理化性质、小麦生长和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,与FRT相比,SRT在土壤偏干状况下大幅提升了0~10cm土层贮水量,提升幅度为15%~43%,而在土壤偏湿时提升幅度仅为3%~9%。带旋耕作下土壤温度日变化幅度平缓,且在低温条件下有助于提升5和15cm土层温度。2 a间5~15cm土层SRT土壤速效氮与速效钾含量较FRT分别增加12%、55%、41%和17%,差异显著(P<0.05),SRT促进了土壤养分在浅层富集。在2019—2020年,SRT较FRT显著增加了幼苗单株次生根数、单株地上部生物量、植株可溶性糖含量和叶片RuBPCase活性(P<0.05),明显提升了幼苗质量,同时2 a间均提高了开花期和乳熟期单茎叶面积、叶片RuBPCase活性以及开花期和成熟期单茎干物质量。2 a间均以SRT产量最高,比FRT分别增产11%和14%,穗粒数比FRT分别增加16%和5%,差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。综上,带旋耕作下良好的土壤水、热、肥条件有助于幼苗健壮生长,提升了单茎光合生产能力,促进了幼穗发育和穗粒数形成,但带旋耕作出苗率较全旋耕作低了19.3%,未来还需结合其壮苗优势开展农机农艺配套技术研究。

磷钾肥施用量和方法对弱筋小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及养分吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究不同磷、钾肥施用量和施用方法对稻茬小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和氮、磷、钾素吸收与利用的影响,为稻茬小麦增产增效提供参考。【方法】2020-2021年在江苏仪征市进行小麦田间试验,种植制度为稻麦轮作,供试小麦品种为弱筋型‘宁麦33’,该地块稻麦秸秆长期全部还田。试验采用裂区设计,主区为磷肥,分别设置3个一次基施磷(P) 0、72和144 kg/hm^(2)处理(分别为P0、P1、P2)和1个基施与拔节期追施磷(P)各72 kg/hm^(2)处理(P3);钾为副区,设置3个一次基施钾(K) 0、72和144 kg/hm^(2)处理(K0、K1、K2)和1个基施与拔节期施钾(K)各72 kg/hm^(2)处理(K3)。小麦收获后,调查生物量与籽粒产量,分析植株和籽粒中氮磷钾含量和籽粒蛋白质含量。【结果】施磷、钾肥对植株氮、磷、钾养分积累量、养分利用效率、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量有显著效应和交互效应,适量的磷、钾肥(72 kg/hm^(2))配施有助于量质效协同提升,而过量施用(144kg/hm^(2))增益效应不明显,甚至对养分利用效率和籽粒品质有负面影响。P2较P1未显著影响籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和氮、钾素农学效率,但降低了磷素农学效率和偏生产力;在P0条件下,K2较K1处理提升了籽粒产量及磷钾素积累量。P3较P2处理未明显影响籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、养分利用效率,K3较K2未明显影响籽粒产量和蛋白质含量,但显著增加了氮磷生理利用效率和农学效率。具体组合处理间相比,P3K2、P1K2、P1K3组合对籽粒产量和养分利用率的提升效应要优于含P0、P2与K1的组合。【结论】施氮基础上,磷、钾肥在提高植株生理生长方面存在一定的正协同效应,磷提高钾的效果好于钾提高磷的效果;磷肥分次施用与一次性基施的效果没有显著差异,而钾肥分次施用较一次基施的提升效应明显。综合而言,弱筋小麦品种宁麦33在沙壤土且有效磷不足条件下,为实现小麦量质效协同提升,推荐采用一次基施磷素72 kg/hm^(2)和钾素一次性基施或基追施144 kg/hm^(2)配施组合。

孕穗期渍水对不同小麦品种根系生长和籽粒产量的影响

为给长江中下游地区小麦高产耐渍品种选用提供参考,以小麦品种扬麦25、扬麦24、宁麦13和宁麦9号为材料,分析了孕穗期连续10 d渍水处理对小麦叶面积和光合速率、地上部干物质积累、籽粒产量及其结构和不同土层(0~100 cm)根系干重的影响。结果表明,与对照(正常水分)相比,渍水处理显著降低小麦籽粒产量,降幅12%~31%,穗粒数和千粒重的减少是减产的主要原因。相比其他品种,渍水后扬麦25产量降幅小,产量构成较协调,受渍水影响轻。渍水处理显著减少小麦开花期和成熟期不同土层根系干重,其中对下层根系的影响大于上层根系;渍水也显著降低乳熟期倒三叶面积、倒二叶和倒三叶净光合速率,明显抑制成熟期地上部各器官和花后光合物质积累。在对照条件下,扬麦25的根系干重在开花期与其他品种相近,成熟期的0~20和80~100 cm土层根系干重则较高;在渍水条件下,扬麦25能在花后维持较高的上层根系生物量,成熟期的0~60 cm土层根干重占总根干重比例较高。不同水分处理下,扬麦25均具有面积大的旗叶且高的净光合速率,花后维持较久的上三叶绿色面积和积累更多的光合产物。因此,小麦花后根系生物量保持稳定(尤其是表层根系),绿叶面积较大且衰减慢(尤其是旗叶),有助于增强小麦花后光合物质积累能力,促进籽粒灌浆和单穗高产稳产,这可作为高产耐渍品种的筛选依据。

限水减氮对豫北冬小麦产量和植株不同层次器官干物质运转的影响

采用节水栽培并减少氮肥用量是实现豫北冬小麦生产的高产、高效和环境友好发展的必然选择,探明限水减氮对冬小麦产量和植株各层次器官干物质运转的影响,可为该地区冬小麦节水栽培和合理施用氮肥提供科学依据。2009-2010和2010-2011年连续2年在河南浚县钜桥进行小麦田间裂区试验,主区设置2个灌溉水平[拔节水(W1)和拔节水+开花水(W2)],副区设置5个氮肥水平[330 kg hm^-2(N4,豫北地区小麦生产中常规施氮量)、270 kg hm^-2(N3)、210 kg hm^-2(N2)、120 kg hm^-2(N1)、0 kg hm^-2(N0)],测定了籽粒产量和植株各层次器官干物质运转量、运转率和对籽粒贡献率。减量施氮与N4相比,各营养器官向籽粒运转的干物质量均有增加,其中,穗轴+颖壳的干物质运转量增加了323.2%,增幅远高于茎节的24.5%和叶片的4.6%,且穗轴+颖壳的干物质运转率和对籽粒贡献率增幅也远高于茎节和叶片。减量施氮处理的叶片干物质运转量的增加主要源于倒三叶和倒四叶,分别增加28.7%和201.1%,而茎节干物质运转量的增加主要源于除穗位节外的其他茎节,分别增加21.7%(倒二节)、71.8%(倒三节)、44.5%(倒四节)和31.1%(余节)。与W2相比,W1干物质运转量无显著差异,但干物质运转率略高(24.6%vs.23.8%),对籽粒贡献率较高(35.1%vs.30.0%),籽粒产量降低11.2%,水分供应量减少750 m^3 hm^-2。可见,减量施氮促进了营养器官,尤其是穗轴+颖壳和下层器官(倒三叶、倒四叶、倒三节、倒四节和余节)的干物质向籽粒的运转,提高了对籽粒贡献率,有利于提高籽粒产量。

河北省主推中筋小麦品种面条加工适应性研究

为了解河北省主推中筋小麦品种的面条加工适应性、筛选优质面条小麦品种,对河北省19个主推中筋小麦品种的籽粒、面粉品质性状及面条加工品质特性进行了系统检测与分析。结果表明,河北省中筋小麦品种大部分品质性状的遗传多样性较为丰富;适宜制作面条加工的小麦品种有16个,占河北主推中筋小麦品种的84.21%,其中适宜制作优质面条的小麦品种有6个;面条感官总分与中筋小麦面粉的湿面筋含量呈极显著正相关,与拉伸长度呈显著正相关,与弱化度呈显著负相关,与面条质构参数(TPA)的粘聚性和回复性均呈极显著正相关,与面条TPA的弹性、胶着性、咀嚼度和拉伸距离均呈显著正相关;面条TPA指标参数可间接反映面条的感官品质。

1BL/1RS易位系HMW-GS组成与品质分析

为深入挖掘1BL/1RS易位系的品质育种潜力,对收集的300份1BL/1RS易位系的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成及其品质性状进行了分析。在300份1BL/1RS易位系 Glu-1位点上共检出12种HMW-GS类型和27种HMW-GS组合,表明这些1BL/1RS易位系具有较高的遗传多样性。在 Glu-A1位点上,亚基Null和1亚基的出现频率分别为47.67%和52.33%; Glu-B1位点有7种等位变异,其中出现频率最高的为7+9亚基对(58.67%); Glu-D1位点有3种等位变异, 2+12亚基对为主要类型,出现频率为71.33%。亚基组合类型中,"Null/7+9/2+12"的出现频率最高(31. 67%)。 Glu-A1、 Glu-B1和 Glu-D1编码优质HMW-GS的比例分别为52.33%、38.34%和16.00%,其中31份1BL/1RS易位系在3个位点均编码优质HMW-GS类型。300份1BL/1RS易位系的品质变异范围较大,有9份材料具有较高的品质育种价值。

添加紫薯粉对强筋小麦粉品质特性及面包加工品质的影响

以优质强筋小麦品种藁优2018和紫薯粉为材料,进行了紫薯粉对小麦粉面团流变学特性及淀粉糊化特性影响的研究,并进行了面包实验室制作和面包质构测定。结果表明:紫薯粉对优质强筋小麦藁优2018小麦粉粉质特性、拉伸特性及淀粉糊化特性影响显著。添加紫薯粉后,随着添加量的増加,强筋小麦粉的吸水率和弱化度增大,稳定时间和粉质质量指数逐渐减小,从粉质特性总体来看,紫薯粉降低了面团的耐搅拌能力。拉伸能量和拉伸度先增大后减小,拉伸阻力和最大拉伸阻力先减小后增大再减小;峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度和峰值时间先增大后减小,衰减度先增大后减小再增大,淀粉回生值逐渐减小。紫薯粉对强筋小麦面包加工品质影响显著,结合面包质构特性和杂粮添加量最大化的目标,表明利用藁优2018优质强筋粉制作紫薯杂粮面包时,紫薯最佳添加比例为8%。

宁麦9号/扬麦158重组自交系群体产量性状的遗传解析

宁麦9号与扬麦158是我国长江中下游麦区的主栽品种和骨干亲本,二者都为高产类型品种,但产量结构类型不同,研究二者产量及构成因素的遗传对产量遗传改良具重要意义。本研究以宁麦9号与扬麦158为亲本构建的包含282个家系的重组自交系群体为材料,利用Illumina 90K芯片分析遗传群体基因型,建立了高密度遗传图谱。连续3个生长季对产量及构成要素进行表型鉴定,结果显示,3年中宁麦9号穗粒数均高于扬麦158,千粒重低于扬麦158,穗数与产量在不同环境中表现不一致,在产量及其构成要素中,千粒重的遗传力最高。表型结合遗传作图对产量及构成因素进行分子定位,获得控制穗数、穗粒数、千粒重及产量的QTL分别为9、8、10与12个。为了将检测到的QTL有效地应用于标记辅助选择,将重复检测到的3个千粒重QTL相关标记转化成适用于高通量基因分型的KASP标记,并在育种料中进行了验证,3个QTL位点均具有较好的选择效果,且具有累加效应。上述研究结果可为长江中下游麦区小麦产量性状的分子育种提供理论依据和技术支撑。

高产优质小麦新品种‘石优20号’选育及应用

为选育出高产稳产、品质优异,抗逆性强、适应性广小麦新品种,以‘冀935-352’为母本,‘济南17’为父本进行杂交;采用在不同土质和生产条件下异地交替定向选择。在高肥条件下,前期足水供应,促营养体充分发育,后期干旱胁迫,在逆境条件下筛选生产能力强的个体以提高品种的抗旱性、节水性、抗逆性、适应性等;选种方向上注重选择产量因素协调的个体;高代品系采用跨区域多点风土适应性鉴定筛选的方法,使高产稳产与抗逆广适达到高度结合;同时,从F3代进行实验室品质同步选择。成功选育出小麦新品种‘石优20号’。该品种集高产、优质、抗旱、耐瘠、节水等特点于一体,于2009年通过河北省优质组审定,2011年又通过了国家审定。其遗传基础丰富、性状良好,可作为高产优质种质利用。

穗发芽抗性相关分子标记在优质小麦中的有效性验证

利用42个优质小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种籽粒发芽指数对6个小麦穗发芽抗性相关基因[Tamyb10、TaDFR(Dihydroflavone reductase)、TaVp-1(Viviparous‑1)、TaSdr(Seed dormancy)、TaPM19-A1(Plasma membrane 19‑A1)、TaMFT(Mother of FT and TFL1)]的分子标记的有效性进行验证,以期为抗穗发芽优质小麦品种的筛选及选育奠定基础。结果表明,小麦穗发芽抗性相关基因Tamyb10、TaDFR、TaVp-1、TaSdr、TaPM19-A1、TaMFT在42个优质小麦品种中均检测到2种等位变异,优异等位基因所占比例存在明显差异,介于4.8%~78.6%,未发现TaVp-1的TaVp-1 Bb基因型。等位基因类型与籽粒发芽指数相关性分析表明,标记myb10D、MFT-3A和MFT-A2与优质小麦穗发芽抗性极显著相关,而标记DFR-B、Vp1B3、Sdr2A、Sdr2B和PM19-A1与优质小麦穗发芽抗性相关性不显著。STS标记myb10D可用于红粒优质小麦的穗发芽抗性筛选,CAPS标记MFT-3A和STS标记MFT-A2可用于白粒优质小麦的穗发芽抗性筛选,TaMFT可能在优质小麦抗穗发芽机制中发挥着重要作用。

ω-黑麦碱基因表达缺失的1BL/1RS易位系种质创新

1BL/1RS易位系是小麦育种的重要亲本,但1RS Sec-1位点表达的ω-黑麦碱是导致小麦加工品质不佳的重要因素。为消除ω-黑麦碱的不良影响,进一步挖掘1BL/1RS易位系的育种潜力,本研究利用低能N+离子束处理1BL/1RS易位系小麦干种子,利用醇溶蛋白酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)筛选ω-黑麦碱表达缺失突变株系,1RS染色体特异引物鉴定携带1RS染色体的突变株系,结果共创制出9个ω-黑麦碱基因Sec-1位点表达缺失的新的1BL/1RS易位系种质。农艺性状和品质性状分析结果表明,这些1BL/1RS易位系新种质的籽粒蛋白含量、面筋指数、稳定时间等加工品质性状显著提高,株高、穗数、千粒重等农艺性状无显著变化。ω-黑麦碱表达缺失突变体的育成为培育优质抗逆小麦品种提供了新的方法。