购物中心顾客行为的跨地区比较:西安与香港

本文通过问卷调查和量化分析,比较了西安和香港两地顾客在购物中心惠顾动机、惠顾行为和购买行为上的异同。研究结果显示:两地购物中心的顾客在人口统计特征、惠顾动机、惠顾原因、惠顾行为和购买行为上均有差异。本研究的结果有利于我们认识同一国家不同环境下顾客行为的区别,也有利于购物中心的发展商和经营者根据不同地区顾客行为的特点,更有针对性地从事市场营销活动。

The effectiveness of shared clinical teaching in nursing

Aim: Clinical learning is a critical component of a nursing curriculum.Student satisfaction in clinical environment is crucial to foster a positive learning experience.Faculty shortages have made clinical teaching more challenging;as such,alternate models of clinical teaching must be explored by nursing programs.The purpose of this study was to measure the perception of student satisfaction in regard tothe effectiveness of shared clinical teaching in nursing.Methods: Utilizing Chan's Clinical Learning Environment Inventory (CLEI),this quantitative comparative study examined nursing students' preferred and actual clinical learning environment.The CLEI contains 42 questions in six subscales: Individualization,Innovation,Involvement,Personalization,Task Orientation,and Satisfaction in both the actual and preferred clinical learning environment.The sample consisted of 202 nursing students in two groups: the first group had 91 students who experienced shared clinical teaching with two faculty,whereas the second group had 111 students who experienced the traditional,single faculty model.The results were analyzed using independent sample T-tests.Results: The preferred learning environment was rated highest in all six subscales.Scores of the Satisfaction subscale and the Innovation subscale for Actual Learning Environment,and the score of the Innovation subscale for Preferred Learning Environment of students experiencing shared clinical teaching with two faculty were higher than the scores of students experiencing traditional,single faculty model,with statistically significance (P< 0.05).Conclusion: The results indicated students preferred the shared clinical teaching model with two faculty over the single faculty model.Nursing programs can utilize this model and apply these results to develop and maintain quality clinical teaching.

Clinical education and student satisfaction: An integrative literature review

The clinical component of undergraduate clinical education is a critical area in nursing programs. Faculty shortages have made recruitment of clinical faculty and clinical teaching more challenging. As such, alternate models of clinical faculty assignments are being explored to address faculty shortages. This article contains an extensive literature review conducted to survey models of clinical education and student satisfaction with the clinical environment. The purpose of this paper is to examine student satisfaction in the clinical learning environment using articles employing the Clinical Learning Envi-ronment Inventory (CLEI) along with examining the use of alternate clinical staffing models in differing levels of undergraduate nursing students. A literature search focusing on studies published between 2002 and 2015 was conducted from 5 electronic databases. Thirty-five articles were reviewed and 22 were selected for this literature review. The studies reviewed concluded that students favored a more positive and favorable clinical environment than they perceived as being actually present. A supportive clinical learning environment is of paramount importance in securing positive teaching learning out-comes. Nurse educators can apply the results of this review in order to develop and maintain quality clinical teaching and to promote a positive, student-centric, clinical learning environment.

Analysis of YouTube^(TM) videos related to bowel preparation for colonoscopy

AIM: To examine YouTubeTM videos about bowel preparation procedure to better understand the quality of this information on the Internet. METHODS: YouTubeTM videos related to colonoscopy preparation were identified during the winter of 2014; only those with ≥ 5000 views were selected for analysis(n = 280). Creator of the video, length, date posted, whether the video was based upon personal experience, and theme was recorded. Bivariate analysis was conducted to examine differences between consumers vs healthcare professionals-created videos. RESULTS: Most videos were based on personal experience. Half were created by consumers and 34% were ≥ 4.5 min long. Healthcare professional videos were viewed more often(> 19400, 59.4% vs 40.8%,P = 0.037, for healthcare professional and consumer, respectively) and more often focused on the purgative type and completing the preparation. Consumer videos received more comments(> 10 comments, 62.2% vs 42.7%, P = 0.001) and more often emphasized the palatability of the purgative, disgust, and hunger during the procedure. Content of colonoscopy bowel preparation YouTube? videos is influenced by who creates the video and may affect views on colon cancer screening. CONCLUSION: The impact of perspectives on the quality of health-related information found on the Internet requires further examination.

An Examination of Transformational Leadership among Graduating Baccalaureate Nursing Students and Practicing Nurses

Leadership skills are essential among nurses to address the challenges faced by the nursing profession. This quantitative comparative study examined five components of transformational leadership skills as outlined by Kouzes and Posner among graduating baccalaureate nursing students and practicing nurses [1]. Five leadership components were used to examine if differences existed among the groups studied. The results indicated significant differences for modeling the way, inspiring a shared vision, enabling others to act, and encouraging the heart. The study revealed that nursing students graduating from generic and accelerated programs have inferior leadership skills compared to nurses in clinical practice. The results may be useful in leadership training of nursing students through collaborative practices between practice settings and nursing schools to improve patient safety.

Designing Optical Fibers: Fitting the Derivatives of a Nonlinear Pde-Eigenvalue Problem

When trying to fit data to functions of the eigensystem of a pde-eigenvalue problem, such as Maxwell’s equation, numerical differentiation is ineffective and analytic gradients must be supplied. In our motivating example of trying to determine the chemical composition of the layers of specialty optical fibers, the function involved fitting the higher order derivatives with respect to frequency of the positive eigenvalues. The computation of the gradient was the most time consuming part of the minimization problem. It was realized that if one interchanged the order of differentiation, and differentiated first with respect to the design parameters, fewer derivatives of the eigenvectors would be required and one could take full advantage that each grid point was affected by only a few variables. As the model was expanded to cover a fiber wrapped around a spool, the bandwidth of the linearized symmetric eigenvalue problem increased. At the heart of each of the iterative methods used to find the few positive eigenvalues was a symmetric, banded, indefinite matrix. Here we present an algorithm for this problem which reduces a symmetric banded matrix to a block diagonal matrix of 1 x 1 and 2 x 2 blocks. Fillin outside the band because of pivoting for stability is prevented by a sequence of planar transformations. Computationally the algorithm is compared to the block unsymmetric banded solver and the block positive definite symmetric band solver in LAPACK.

The Z-Valued Characters for the Huge Symmetry of Hexamethylethane

To enumerate isomers of the fluxional molecules, some theorems for maturity and the integer-valued characters of finite groups were introduced by S. Fujita and first author. The full non-rigid group of hexamethylethane is the semi-direct product of the direct products of six copies of the cyclic group Z3 by the dihedral group of order 12 (see, Asian J. Chem. (2010) 22 (3), 1966-1972). In this paper, we continue our study on finite groups (see Int. J. Theo. Physics, Group Theory, and Nonlinear Optics (2013), 17) and all the integer-valued characters of the above molecule are successfully derived.

我国科技金融发展指数实证研究

科技与金融相结合是建设创新型国家的重要手段和基本保证,但至今仍缺乏专门针对我国科技金融发展状况的评价系统和指标体系。为弥补这一不足,本文从科技与金融相融合的角度构建我国科技金融发展指数,制定2001年—2008年科技金融资源指数、科技金融经费指数、科技金融产出指数和科技金融贷款指数,运用组间连接法对我国科技金融发展指数进行聚类分析。研究发现,科技金融资源投入不断增加,科技金融经费指数呈现逐年上升趋势,但科技金融产出指数显现下降趋势。特别是科技金融贷款方面没有得到根本性改观,反映目前我国金融体制与科技型企业融资需求之间存在结构性矛盾。

购物中心大额购买者与小额购买者的行为差异:一项跨国和跨地区的比较研究

通过对在西安、美国和香港进行问卷调查所得数据的分析,研究了购物中心大额购买者与小额购买者之间在惠顾动机、惠顾行为和购买行为上的异同,得到三个适用性较强的结论:第一,大额购买者有较强的购买动机和较明确的购物计划,小额购买者的购买动机较弱,购物计划也比较模糊;第二,大额购买者是购买非食品类产品的主体,同时在食品购买方面也很重要,而小额购买者在购买食品方面十分重要;第三,在购买时,大额购买者比小额购买者更注重品牌.另外,还得到了一些只是在一定条件下适用的结论.最后讨论了研究结果的应用.

栖息地特征、市场分布结构及其与企业经营绩效关系实证研究

本文采用生物隐喻方法提出了企业栖息地概念,对品牌制造企业栖息地特征及企业市场分布结构进行了分析,探讨了品牌制造企业栖息地特征及企业市场分布结构对企业经营绩效的影响关系,提出了相应的概念模型与研究假设。通过对320家中国品牌制造上市公司的实际调查,利用统计检验模型对研究假设进行了实证分析。结果表明,制造业品牌绩效决定于栖息地特征、市场分布结构特征和企业能力,并受到栖息城市规模和区位的调节影响。在栖息地环境各种要素中,社会经济环境和政府支持的影响较自然资源更为强烈。栖息于中小城市尤其是县级市或乡镇会影响资源获取能力和知名度,但是这种劣势会被独特的政治资源优势消除。栖息地特征中的资源条件和政府支持力度对企业经营绩效的影响受到城市规模的调节。栖息地在中小城市的制造企业品牌绩效好于大城市。另外,市场分布结构特征也显著影响企业经营绩效,市场分布中心距离越大、分散程度越高、区域市场竞争越弱,企业经营绩效越好。

C(sp^3)–H bond functionalization of non-cyclic ethers by decarboxylative oxidative coupling with α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids

A copper-catalyzed decarboxylative oxidative coupling of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids with non-cyclic ethers is developed.This method provides a new approach for C(sp^3)–H bond functionalization of non-cyclic ethers. Mechanism study shows the reaction involves a radical process.

The Effect of the Interaction between Price and Time Preference on Cigarette Consumption among Pregnant Women

In this study,I explore smoking behavior among pregnant U.S.women using the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth.The key aspect of this study is the availability of smoking participation data before and during pregnancy.I consider the probabilities of smoking cessation while pregnant as the outcome.I find that pregnant women who smoke are less responsive to price changes when they are more future-oriented.Women who are more present-oriented are more likely to smoke and consume more cigarettes given that they smoke more than those who are future-oriented.Moreover,those who discount the future more heavily are more sensitive to the money price of cigarettes than those who are more future-oriented.I focus on the role of time preference and the interaction between time preference and price in determining these outcomes.

Enhanced optical absorption in semiconductor nano- particles enabled by nearfield dielectric scattering

The optical absorption of semiconducting AgBr nanocubes is significantly increased by up to 5 times in the measured spectral range when they are bonded to the surface of dielectric SiO2 nanospheres through electrostatic interaction. The absorption enhancement factor depends on the wavelength and the size of the SiO2 nanoparticles （NPs）. Finite-difference time-domain calculations provide the nearfield intensity mapping of a heterostructure that is composed of a AgBr nanocube in close contact with a SiO2 nanosphere. The electric-field distributions indicate the field enhancement near the SiO2/AgBr interface due to light scattering and absorption enhancement in the AgBr nanocube, implying that the enhanced scattering nearfield increases the absorption cross section of the AgBr nanocube. The absorption cross-section spectra calculated using Mie theory agree with the experimental observations. This discovery sheds light on the utilization of dielectric spherical particles to increase the absorption in semiconductor NPs, thus improving the light-harvesting efficiency for solar-energy conversion.

Qianlong Huangdi de hebao （Emperor Qianlong＇s Purse： Imperial Household Finance in Eighteenth Century China）

Ever since the publication in 1977 of Preston M. Torbert＇s The Ch＇ing Imperial Household Department： A Study of lts Organization and Principal Functions, 1662-1796, there have been few book-length studies on the Imperial Household Department of the Qing dynasty, although numerous articles have been published,

从木材解剖学视角看公元6世纪中期晚古小冰期的开始时间

公元536~540年间的大规模火山喷发使得晚古小冰期成为过去两千年最为寒冷的时期.然而,受限于现有气候代用资料的时间分辨率和空间覆盖度,晚古小冰期的开始时间和空间范围仍存有争议.本文分析了全球23个森林样点、20个树种的106个树轮样本资料,从细胞尺度揭示了公元530~550年间北半球发生的短暂夏季冷却现象.经过交叉定年和染色处理后,在北半球的树轮样品中共识别出89个蓝轮(缺失细胞壁木质化过程)、9个霜轮(细胞分裂受阻)和93个浅轮(细胞壁增厚减弱).研究结果表明,公元536年7月中旬至8月初期间整个北美和欧亚大陆均发生了最剧烈的温度下降,而更多的区域性“冷夏”出现于公元532年、540~543年和548年.然而,本研究在南半球的树轮资料中并未发现异常的解剖结构,其原因可能与南半球的海洋热惯性减缓了火山降温效应有关,也或与南半球其时正值非生长季有关.相较于传统的树轮年代学方法,本研究的木材解剖学的方法能为地球系统模式提供更为精细的参考标准,有望服务于气候与人类历史交叉学科研究,同时对“全球气候平均”概念的使用提出质疑.