H5N6 influenza virus infection, the newest influenza

The most recent new emerging infection is the H5N6 inl uenza virus infection. This infection has just been reported from China in early May 2014. The disease is believed to be a cross species infection. All indexed cases are from China. Of interest, the H5N6 inl uenza virus is the primary virus for avian. The avian H5N6 inl uenza virus in avian population is a low virulent strain. However, the clinical manifestation in human seems severe. In this mini-review, the authors summarize and discuss on this new emerging inl uenza.

Concurrent malaria and dengue infection:a brief summary and comment

There are several tropical mosquito borne infections.Malaria and dengue are the two common mosquito infections that are very important and cause high morbidity and mortality for many patients around the world.Concurrent malaria and dengue infection is an important condition that is seldom reported.In this specific article,the author hereby summarizes on the topic of concurrent malaria and dengue infection.

Afebrile, asymptomatic and non-thrombocytopenic Zika virus infection: don't miss it!

Zika virus infection is the present problematic arboviral disease. Classically, this disease cause febrile illness and can result in low platelet count. However, there are some new obervations on atypical clinical presentations of Zika virus infection that can make the diagnosis more difficult. The afebrile, asymptomatic and non-thrombocytopenic Zika virus infection can be seen in clinical practice and can lead to missed or delayed diagnosis.

Hyperglycemia in poor controlled diabetes from crude tamarind herbal pill:a case study

Hyperglycemia is an important finding in the diabetic patient with poor glycemic control.There are several possible causes of hyperglycemic.Here,the author presents an interesting case study on a female diabetic patient presenting with hyperglycemic due to intake of crude tamarind herbal pill.General practitioner should realize that the use of alternative medicine can be a cause of unexplained hyperglycemic episode in diabetic patient.

Atypical zoonotic pox: Acute merging illness that can be easily forgotten

Pox is an important infection that can cause the acute illness with dermatological manifestation.Apart from the well-known pox infections,the emerging zoonotic pox infections become interesting new issue in infectious medicine.In this short review,the acute illness which results from new important zoonotic pox infections such as monkeypox,cowpox,raccoon pox and buffalopox is discussed and summarized.

Utilization of multiple "omics" studies in microbial pathogeny for microbiology insights

In the present day,bioinfomiatics becomes the modern science with several advantages.Several new"omics"sciences have been introduced for a few years and those sciences can he applied in biomedical work.Here,the author will summarize and discuss on important applications of omics studies in microbiology focusing on microbial pathogeny.It can be seen that genomics and proteinomics can be well used in this area of biomedical studies.

Epitope finding in Zika virus molecule:The first world report

Zika virus infection is a new problematic virus infection that becomes the present public health problem. Now this mosquito borne infectious disease can be seen worldwide and can cause dengue-like infection. In addition, it can also induce transplacental infection and result in congenital neurological defect. To prevent this infection, there is still no specific vaccine. To find a new vaccine, finding epitope is the first step. Here, the authors report the study to find epitope within Zika virus molecule.According to this study, the appropriate epitopes can be seen. This is the fi rst world report on epitope finding for Zika virus. The data can be useful for further vaccine development.

Predicted pattern of Zika virus infection distribution with reference to rainfall in Thailand

Zika virus infection is the present global medical problem.The disease appears in several countries around the world.The relationship between rainfall and occurrence of Zika virus infection was previously mentioned.Here,the authors use the mathematical modeling technique to reappraise on the previous data on immunoreactivity rate of Zika virus,dengue virus and Ckikungunya virus in Thailand and the reported interrelationship between arboviral infections and rainfall in Thailand for constructing of the predicted pattern of Zika virus distribution in Thailand.This data can be a useful tool for further disease surveillance in this area.

Bone marrow leishmaniasis:a review of situation in Thailand

Leishmaniasis is an important tropical vector-borne disease.This infection can be seen in tropical area and it is considered to be one of the most important vector-borne infections at present.The general situation of the leishmaniasis in Thailand is hereby reviewed.Although Thailand is a tropical country,the leishmaniasis is not endemic but sporadic.The imported cases are documented in some literatures.The serious form of leishmaniasis,the visceral leishmaniasis is also detectable in Thailand.Also,the author performed an in depth literature review of the reports of bone marrow leishmaniasis,a specific kind of visceral leishmaniasis, in Thailand in order to summarize the characteristics of this infection among Thai patients. According to this review,there have been at least S reports in the literature of 6 cases of bone marrow leishmaniasis in the Thai population,of which no case was lethaL Concerning the clinical manifestations,all except had prolonged fever with unknown origin.From physical examination, all had hepatospienomegaly.The striking findings were active hemophagocytosis with increased proliferation of lymphoidplasma cell line in the bone marrow and amastigotes of Leishmania donovani was demonstrated.Considering the treatment,pantavalent antimony compound was used and the excellent improvement and complete recovery.Finally,the author also discussed on the importance of leishmaniasis in Thailand relating to the present globalization and good traveling system.

Doubled dosage of sofosbuviris expected for inhibiting Zika virus infection

Sofosbuvir is a new antiviral drug that has been recommended for management of hepatitis C virus(HCV) for a few years. New researches support that sofosbuvir might be useful for the management of Zika virus infection. Based on the pharmacological activity, inhibiting the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdR p or NS5 protein), sofosbuvir is proposed for its effectiveness against Zika virus infection. Here, the authors used a mathematical modelling theoretical approach to predict the expected dosage of sofosbuvir for inhibiting Zika virus infection. Based on the modeling study, if sofosbuvir is assigned for management of Zika virus infection, doubled dosage of the present dosage for hepatitis C management is recommended.

Ebola vaccine 2014:remained problems to be answered

Ebola virus outbreak in Africa in 2014 is a big global issue.The vaccine is the hope for management of the present outbreak of Ebola virus infection.There are several ongoing researches on new Ebola vaccine.In this short manuscript,we discuss and put forward specific remained problems to be answered on this specific issue.Lack for complete knowledge on the new emerging virus,concern from pharmaceutical company and good trial of new vaccine candidates are the remained problem to be further discussed in vaccinology.

Gloves and Ebola virus:a consideration of the penetration possibility based on nanostructure consideration

To the editor,Ebola virus infection is the new deadly viral infection that is presently problematic in many countries in Africa.The prevention of this disease seems to be difficult and the rapid distribution of disease becomes the important issue for further discussion.As noted by Muyembe-Tamfum et al.[1],one of the major disease control measures is the distribution of protective equipment to health care workers.Gloves are important protective

Indinavir Resistance Evolution:a Comment

Dear Editor,I read the recent report on HIV with a great interest[2]. Geng et al concluded that "Indinavir-resistance evolution was observed by single-genome amplification [2] " and "During the course of changing the regimen to incorporate Indinavir,the G73S mutation occurred and was combined with M46I/ L90M [2]." I have some points for discussion on this work. First,focusing on the single-genome amplification,although it is acceptable the false positive can still be detected [3]. It is interesting to compare the result from this Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database-based study to modified phenotypic drug susceptibility assay-based study,which was reported to provide discordant result [1]. Second,it is interesting which biological process lead to the change of the resistant pattern on the passed time. The situation of cross resistance should also be investigated since it was reported to be common [4].

The three newest emerging influenza H10N8, H5N6 and H6N1: comparison of its morbidity and mortality

To the editor,Sir,the emerging influenza infection is the present global concern.There are many new emerging influenza infections at present and those infections are usually problematic.Of several new infections,the most recent emerging ones include to H6N1,H5N6 and H10N8 influenza infections.To learn the natural history of those three new emerging infections is very interesting and can give the data for further referencing.Here,the

Application of bioinformatics in tropical medicine

Bioinformatics is a usage of information technology to help solve biological problems by designing novel and incisive algorithms and methods of analyses.Bioinfonnatics becomes a discipline vital in the era of post-genomics. In this review article,the application of bioinformatics in tropical medicine will be presented and discussed.

New Ebola virus in 2014:do identified mutated amino acids in the viral sequences sense?

To the editor,The problem of new Ebola virus outbreak in 2014 is thepresent big consideration of medical society.The new infectionoccurs in West Africa and causes infection in thousands oflocal people,and the trend of the worldwide expansion leads to serious concerns of the medical society. The reason why

Estimated number of local transmission cases of Zika virus infection imported from Brazil to France

The Zika virus infection becomes the present public health threat and the control of this disease needs international collaboration. An important problem is the international travel that promotes the importation of Zika virus disease to the new setting. The local transmission of the imported infection is the big problem. Based on the available data on published articles, in this letter, the authors estimated the number of local transmission cases, by both mosquito borne and sexually transmitted modes, of Zika virus infection imported from Brazil to France.

Cleft analysis of Zika virus non-structural protein 1

The non-strctural protein 1 is an important molecule of the viruses in flavivirus group including to Zika virus. Recently, the NS1 of Zika virus was discovered.There is still no complete information of the molecular interaction of NS1 of Zika virus which can be the clue for explanation for its pathogenesis and further drug search. Here the authors report the cleft analysis of NS1 of Zika virus and the result can be useful for future development of good diagnostic tool and antiviral drug finding for management of Zika virus.

Change in molecular weight due to important pfatp6 and pfmdr1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to antimalarial drug:Possible role of epigenetic phenomenon

Malaria is an important tropical mosquito borne infection. It is still the present global public health issue. The management of malaria requires antimalarial drugs. The resistance to antimalarial drugs is a very big problem. The genetic variant is proposed to be an important factor affecting susceptibility to antimalarial drug. Here, the authors studied the change in molecular weight due to important pfatp6 and pfmdr1 polymorphisms and further implied the interrelationship with susceptibility to antimalarial drug. The greatest change can be seen in case of G639D(of pfatp6 polymorphism) while the least change can be seen in the case of N1042D(of pfmdr1 polymorphism). The results from some studies imply that there must be other factors that affect the susceptibility to antimalarial drugs. Those factors might be protein conformation factors, epigenetic factors or environmental factors. Further studies on these aspects should be carried out. It is concluded for possible role of epigenetic phenomenon.

Cerebral malaria: An interactive brain mapping study

This short communication discusses an interactive brain mapping study using connectomics technique on an important neurological complication of a common tropical infection,malaria.According to this study,the molecules and cells related to cerebral malaria can be successfully identified.The derived data can be useful for further study on pathophysiology and drug search for cerebral malaria.