PAHs in aquatic sediment in Hangzhou, China: Analytical methods, pollution pattern, risk assessment and sources

Eleven surface sediment samples, from Hangzhou section of Qiantang River and Jinghang Canal, west Lake the inland river were collected to investigate 17 polycycUc aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） pollution in aquatic sediments of Hangzhou. Accelerated solvent extraction（ASE） was used to extract PAHs from sediments with satisfactory recoveries. It was found that the total PAHs in the sediments ranged from 308.4 to 3037 ng/g dw, and PAHs pollution in sediments from Jinghang Canal were the heaviest. Lowest effect level（LEL） and severe effect level （SEL） sediment quality guidelines were introduced to perform risk assessment for PAHs pollution in aquatic sediments. Only one sample in Jinghang Canal had adverse impact on benthic organism. 2-3 ring PAHs had a noticeable contribution to total PAHs, especially NA, PHEN. A quantity method was used to determine the major source, the results showed petroleum origin was the chief source to PAHs pollution in all sediments with the exception of sediments from Jinghang Canal where combustion sources had a larger contribution.

Accuracy of a combined score of zygote and embryo morphology for selecting the best embryos for IVF

Objective:To evaluate the accuracy of a scoring system combining zygote and embryo morphology in predicting the outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. Methods: In a study group, 117 consecutive IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles with embryo transfer were carried out and 312 embryos were scored using a combined scoring system (CSS) of zygote and embryo morphology before transplantation. In a control group, a total of 420 IVF or ICSI cycles were carried out and 1176 embryos were scored using a cumulative embryo score (CES). The effects of the combined scoring system on the embryo implantation rate and pregnancy rate per cycle were analyzed. Results: Using the combined scoring system, the embryo implan-tation rate (27.6%) and the clinical pregnancy rate (48.7%) were significantly higher than those in the control group (20.8% and 38.6%, respectively). Also, the implantation rate of embryos scoring ≥70 (38.5%: 82 sacs/213 embryos) was significantly higher (P<0.001) than that of embryos scoring <70 (4%: 4 sacs/99 embryos). The pregnancy rate of patients with embryos scoring ≥70 using the combined scoring system (66.7%) was significantly higher (P<0.001) than that of patients with embryos scoring ≥20 using the cumulative embryo score (59.0%). Conclusion: The results suggest that selecting embryos with a high score (≥70) using the combined scoring system could increase the implantation rate and pregnancy rate, and that using a scoring system combining assessments of human zygotes and pre-implantation embryos might predict IVF outcomes more accurately than using a cumula-tive embryo score.

Androgen receptors are expressed in a variety of human fetal extragenital tissues： an immunohistochemical study

Aim： To investigate the expression of androgen receptors in the extragenital tissues of developing human embryo. Methods： Using immunohistochemistry, we investigated the distribution of androgen receptor （AR） in the extragenital tissues of paraffin-embedded tissue sections of first trimester （8-12 weeks gestation） human embryos. Gender was determined by polymerized chain reaction. Results： There were no differences in the expression and distribution of AR in male and female embryos at any stage of gestation. AR expression was seen in the thymus gland. The bronchial epithelium of the lungs showed intense positive staining with surrounding stroma negative. Furthermore, positive staining for androgen receptor was exhibited in the spinal cord with a few positive cells in the surrounding tissues. Cardiac valves also showed strong positive staining but with faint reactivity of the surrounding cardiac muscle. There was no staining in kidney, adrenal, liver or bowel. Conclusion： This study demonstrates that immunoreactive AR protein is present in a wide variety of human first trimester fetal tissues and shows the potential for androgen affecting tissues, which are mostly not considered to be androgen dependent. Moreover, it implies that androgen might act as atrophic factor and affect the early development of these organs rather than simply sexual differentiation.

Effects of levobupivacaine and bupivacaine on rat myometrium

Objective: To study the effect of levobupivacaine and bupivacaine on the contractility of isolated uterine muscle strips from pregnant and non-pregnant female rats. Methods: Full-thick myometrial strips were prepared from 18- to 21-day pregnant (n=8) and non-pregnant rats (n=7). After contractions became regular, strips were exposed to cumulative concentrations of the two drugs from 10?8 to 10?4 mol/L, amplitude and frequency of the uterine contraction was recorded. Results: Two local anesthetics caused a concentration dependent inhibition on contractility of myometrial strips from pregnant and non-pregnant rats. In the myometrium from non-pregnant rats, ?logIC50 of levobupivacaine and bupivacaine were 4.85 and 4.25 respectively. In the myo- metrium from pregnant rats, similar concentrations of levobupivacaine and bupivacaine were observed, ?logIC50 were 2.7 and 2.9 respectively. Levobupivacaine produced an increase in amplitude of contractions, while bupivacaine showed an increased trend in frequency. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that levobupivacaine and bupivacaine may inhibit myometrium contractility. The inhibitory effect of levobupivacaine or bupivacaine is not enhanced by gestation in rat. Levobupivacaine may have more positive influence than bupivacaine in pregnant myometrium.

Assessment of released acrosin activity as a measurement of the sperm acrosome reaction

Aim： To develop a method for assessing sperm function by measuring released acrosin activity during the acrosome reaction （AR）. Methods： Human semen samples were obtained from 24 healthy donors with proven fertility after 3-7 days of sexual abstinence. After collection, samples were liquefied for 30 min at room temperature. Standard semen parameters were evaluated according to World Health Organization （WHO） criteria. Calcium ionophore A23187 and progesterone （P4） were used to stimulate the sperm to undergo AR. After treatment, sperm were incubated with the supravital dye Hoechst33258, fixed in a glutaraldehyde-phosphate-buffered saline solution, and the acrosomal status was determined by fluorescence microscopy with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled Pisum sativum agglutinin （FITC-PSA）. The percentage of sperm undergoing AR （AR%） was compared to sperm acrosin activities as assessed by spectrocolorimetry. The correlation between AR% and acrosin activity was determined by statistical analysis. Results： The AR% and released acrosin activity were both markedly increased with A23187 and P4 stimulation. Sperm motility and viability were significantly higher after stimulation with P4 versus stimulation with A23187 （P 〈 0.001）. There was a significant positive correlation between released acrosin activity and AR% determined by FITC-PSA staining （r= 0.916, P 〈 0.001）. Conclusion： Spectrocolorimetric measurement of released acrosin activity might serve as a reasonable alternative method to evaluate AR. （Asian J Androl 2008 Mar, 10： 236-242）

Relationship between seminal plasma zinc concentration and spermatozoa-zona pellucida binding and the ZP-induced acrosome reaction in subfertile men

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between seminal zinc concentration and spermatozoazona pellucida （ZP） binding and the ZP-induced acrosome reaction （ZPIAR） in subfertile men. Semen analyses and seminal zinc concentration assessments were carried out according to the World Health Organization manual for 458 subfertile men. A spermatozoa-ZP interaction test was carried out by incubating 2 × 10^6 motile spermatozoa with a group of four unfertilized oocytes obtained from a clinical in vitro fertilization programme. After 2 h of incubation, the number of spermatozoa bound per ZP and the ZPIAR of ZP-bound spermatozoa were examined. The effect of adding 0.5 mmol L^-1 zinc to the media on the ZPIAR of spermatozoa from normozoospermic men was also tested in vitro. Seminal zinc concentration positively correlated with sperm count and duration of abstinence, but negatively correlated with semen volume. On analysis of data from all participants, both spermatozoa-ZP binding and the ZPI- AR were significantly correlated with sperm motility and normal morphology, but not with seminal zinc concentration. However, in men with normozoospermic semen, the seminal zinc concentration was significantly higher in men with defective ZPIAR （ 〈 16%） than in those with normal ZPIAR （ ≥ 16% ） （P 〈 0.01）. The addition of 0.5 mmol L^-1 zinc to the culture media had no effect on spermatozoa-ZP binding, but significantly reduced the ZPIAR in vitro （P 〈 0. 001）. In conclusion, seminal zinc concentration is correlated with sperm count and the duration of abstinence in subfertile men. In men with normozoospermic semen, high seminal zinc concentration may have an adverse effect on the ZPIAR.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for Down syndrome pregnancy

Objective: To evaluate the effect of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) conducted for women who had Down syndrome pregnancy previously. Methods: Trisomy 21 was diagnosed by using fluorescence in site hybridization (FISH) before embryo transfer in two women who had Down syndrome pregnancies. Each received one or two PGD cycles respectively. Results: Case 1: one PGD cycle was conducted, two oocytes were fertilized and biopsied. One embryo is of trisomy 21 and the other of monosomy 21. No embryo was transferred. Case 2: two PGD cycles were conducted, in total, sixteen oocytes were fertilized and biopsied. Four embryos were tested to be normal, six of trisomy 21, and one of monosomy 21. Five had no signal. Four normal embryos were transferred but no pregnancy resulted. Conclusion: For couples who had pregnancies with Down syndrome pre-viously, PGD can be considered, and has been shown to be an effective strategy.

Relationship between the Expression of Telomerase and Human Papillomavirus Infection in Invasive Uterine Cervical Carcinoma

Telomerase activity was examined in invasive cervical carcinoma to assess whether it is activated during cervical malignant transformation and to look for its possible association with human papillomavirus （HPV） infection. Histologically confirmed invasive cervical carcinomas and benign cervices were assayed for telomerase activity by using a modified telomere repeat amplification protocol （TRAP）. The same cases were subjected to polymerase chain reaction （PCR） detection of HPV by using consensus primers and type-specific （HPV types 16 and 18） primers. Telomerase activity was detected in 40 of 45 （88.9%） invasive cervical carcinomas and 2 （all chronic cervicitis） of 50 （4%） benign cervical lesions. HPV was detected in 36 （24 HPV-16 and 4 HPV-18 cases） of 45 （80%） invasive cervical carcinomas and 20 （11 HPV-16 and 1 HPV-18 cases） of 50 （40%） benign cervical changes. There was a significant correlation between the expression of telomerase with histological grade （φ=0.44, P〈0.005）, but no correlation was found between telomerase expression and HPV-18 （P〉0.05）. Although larger sample studies are needed, there seems to be a clear association between telomerase upregulation and HPV status, mainly HPV-16 infection.

Expression of multiple glutamate transporter splice variants in the rodent testis

Glutamate is a regulated molecule in the mammalian testis. Extracellular regulation of glutamate in the body is determined largely by the expression of plasmalemmal glutamate transporters. We have examined by PCR, western blotting and immunocytochemistry the expression of a panel of sodium-dependent plasmalemmal glutamate transporters in the rat testis. Proteins examined included： glutamate aspartate transporter （GLAST）, glutamate transporter 1 （GLT1）, excitatory amino acid carrier 1 （EAAC1）, excitatory amino acid transporter 4 （EAAT4） and EAAT5. We demonstrate that many of the glutamate transporters in the testis are alternately spliced. GLAST is present as exon-3- and exon-9-skipping forms. GLT1 was similarly present as the alternately spliced forms GLT1 b and GLTlc, whereas the abundant brain form （GLTla） was detectable only at the mRNA level. EAAT5 was also strongly expressed, whereas EAAC1 and EAAT4 were absent. These patterns of expression were compared with the patterns of endogenous glutamate localization and with patterns of D-aspartate accumulation, as assessed by immunocytochemistry. The presence of multiple glutamate transporters in the testis, including unusually spliced forms, suggests that glutamate homeostasis may be critical in this organ. The apparent presence of many of these transporters in the testis and sperm may indicate a need for glutamate transport by such cells.

Effects of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng （Panax ginseng CA Meyer） extract on male patients with erectile dysfunction

Korean ginseng and mountain ginseng （Panax ginseng CA Meyer） are important traditional herbal plants whose ginsenosides are generally accepted as serving to improve sexual functions, such as penile erection. We investigated the effects of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng extract （TMGE） on male patients with erectile dysfunction （ED）. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted with 143 patients experiencing ED. Over the course of 8 weeks, one group took 1 000 mg of TMGE twice a day, and the other group took 1 000 mg of placebo twice a day. The effects of the TMGE and the placebo were analyzed using the Korean version of the International Index of Erectile Function （IIEF） questionnaire. A total of 86 patients completed 8 weeks of treatment. The scores on the five domains of the IIEF after medication were significantly higher than the baseline scores in the group treated with TMGE （P 〈 0.05）, whereas no significant improvement was observed in the placebo group （P 〉 0.05）. Erectile function and overall satisfaction scores after medication were significantly higher in the TMGE group than in the placebo group （P 〈 0.05）. Erectile function of patients in the TMGE-treated group significantly improved, suggesting that TMGE could be utilized for improving erectile function in male patients.

Adriamycin induces H2AX phosphorylation in human spermatozoa

Aim： To investigate whether adriamycin induces DNA damage and the formation of γH2AX （the phosphorylated form of histone H2AX） foci in mature spermatozoa. Methods： Human spermatozoa were treated with adriamycin at different concentrations, γH2AX was analyzed by immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry and doublestrand breaks （DSB） were detected by the comet assay. Results： The neutral comet assay revealed that the treatment with adriamycin at 2 μg/mL for different times （0.5, 2, 8 and 24 h）, or for 8 h at different concentrations （0,4, 2 and 10 μg/mL）, induced significant DSB in spermatozoa. Immunofluorent staining and flow cytometry showed that the expression of γH2AX was increased in a dose-dependent and time-dependant manner after the treatment of adriamycin. Adriamycin also induced the concurrent appearance of DNA maintenance/repair proteins RAD50 and 53BP 1 with γH2AX in spermatozoa. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K） family, abolished the co-appearance of these two proteins with γH2AX. Conclusion： Human mature spermatozoa have the same response to DSB-induced H2AX phosphorylation and subsequent recruitment of DNA maintenance/ repair proteins as somatic cells.

极高强度他汀治疗对冠状动脉粥样硬化消退的影响——ASTEROID试验

背景：以前的血管内超声（intravascular ultrasound，IVUS）试验证实，他汀治疗可减缓或阻止动脉粥样硬化的进展，但是迄今尚无应用动脉粥样斑块体积百分比（percent atheroma volume，PAV）证实粥样硬化消退的确切证据。PAV是最严格的评价病变进展和消退的IVUS测量指标。 目标：评价极高强度他汀治疗是否能逆转IVUS确定的冠状动脉粥样硬化。 设计和地点：于美国、加拿大、欧洲和澳大利亚53个社区和3级保健中心进行前瞻性开标盲法终点试验（A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Rosuvastatin on Intravascular Ultrasound-Derived Coronary Atheroma Burden，ASTEROID）。应用马达驱动回撤IVUS评价基线和治疗24个月时冠状动脉粥样斑块负荷。每对基线和随访IVUS测量结果均进行盲法分析。 病例：从2002年11月到2003年10月，507例患者有基线IVUS检查结果，并接受至少1个剂量的研究药物。在24个月后，349例患者具有可用于评估的系列IVUS检查结果。 干预：所有患者均接受瑞舒伐他汀40ms／d强化治疗。 主要观测指标：预先设定了两个一级疗效指标：PAV变化和基线最严重病变10min节段动脉粥样斑块体积变化。二级疗效指标为整个动脉标准化总斑块体积的变化。结果：平均（SD）LDL—C水平由基线时的130．4（34．3）ms／dL降至60．8（20．0）ms／扎，平均下降了53．2％（P〈0．001）。平均（SD）HDL-C水平从基线时的43．1（11．1）ms／dL升至49．0（12．6）ms／dL，平均增加了14．7％（P〈0．001）。整个血管PAV平均（SD）变化为-0．98％（3．15％），中位数为-0．79％（97．5％CI，-1．21％～-0．53％）（与基线比较，P〈0．001）。最严重病变10min节段斑块体积平均（SD）变化为-6．1（10．1）mm^3，中位数为-5．6mm^3（97．5％CI，-6．8～-4．0mm^3）（与基线比较，P〈0．001）。总斑块体积变化中位数降低了6．8％，平均减少了-14．7（25．7）mm^3，中位数为-12．5mm^3（95％CI，-15．1～-10．5mm^3）（与基线比较，P〈0．001）。不良事件少见，与其他他汀试验相似。 结论：应用瑞舒伐他汀40ms／d进行极高强度他汀治疗可使LDL-C平均水平达到60．8ms／dL，使HDL—C增加14．7％。这导致所有3个预先设定的IVUS斑块负荷指标均显示动脉粥样硬化消退。因此，将LDL-C降至低于目前指南规定的水平，同时显著提高HDL-C，可以使冠心病患者动脉粥样硬化斑块消退。这些变化对临床预后的影响尚需进一步研究确定。

接受纤溶治疗的ST段抬高心肌梗死患者在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗前服用氯吡格雷的效果：PCI-CLARITY研究

背景：关于经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（percutaneous coronary intervention，PCI）前氯吡格雷预治疗的益处目前仍有争议，并且其使用亦未获得普遍认可。 目的：于新近发生ST段抬高心肌梗死（ST—segment elevation myocardial infarction，STEMI）的患者中确定PCI前氯吡格雷预治疗预防严重不良心血管事件的效果是否优于PCI时开始采用氯吡格雷治疗。 设计、地点及参试者：CLARITY（PCI—Clopidogrel as Adjunctive Reperfusion Therapy）研究是一项于1863例患者中进行的前瞻性计划分析。这些患者均于CLARITY—TIMI（Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction）28试验中在血管造影后实施了PCI。CLARITY—TIMI28是一项在接受纤溶治疗的患者中进行的有关氯吡格雷效果的随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验。患者于2003年2月至2004年10月入选自23个国家的319家医院。 干预：患者服用阿斯匹林并于纤溶治疗时开始随机接受氯吡格雷（300mg负荷剂量，以后75mg，每日1次）或安慰剂，直至冠状动脉造影前为止。造影在开始研究药物后2～8天进行。接受冠脉支架的患者建议于诊断性血管造影后给予开标氯吡格雷（包括负荷剂量）。 主要观测指标：一级终点为PCI至随机分组后30天心血管死亡、MI复发或脑卒中的复合发生率。二级终点包括在PCI之前发生的MI或脑卒中以及前述随机分组后30天相关终点。 结果：氯吡格雷预治疗可显著降低PCI后心血管死亡、MI或脑卒中的发生率（34[3．6％]比58[6．2％]；校正优势比[odds ratio，OR]，0．54[95％CI，0．35—0．85]；P=0．008）。氯吡格雷预治疗还可降低PCI前MI或脑卒中的发生率（37[4．0％]比58[6．2％]；OR，0．62[95％CI，0．40～0．95]；P=0．03）。总体上，氯吡格雷预治疗可导致随机分组后30天心血管死亡、MI或脑卒中显著下降（70[7．5％]比112[12．0％]；校正OR，0．59[95％CI，0．43～0．81]；P=0．001；所需治疗例数=23）。TIMI严重或轻微出血的发生率未显著增加（（18[20％]比17[1．9％]；P〉0．99）。 结论：氯吡格雷预治疗可显著降低PCI前后心血管死亡或缺血并发症，而严重或轻微出血无显著增加。这些数据为STEMI患者早期使用氯吡格雷以及接受PCI的患者常规采用氯吡格雷预治疗方案提供了进一步的支持。

Status of semen analysis comment on “A survey on the status of semen analysis in 118 laboratories in China” by Jin-Chun Lu et al. in Asian Journal of Andrology

The paper by Lu et al. [1] ＂A survey on the status of semen analysis in 118 laboratories in China＂ provides a major review of the current methods of semen analysis in China's Mainland. It involved a 36-item questionnaire completed by technicians in 118 of a possible 145 potential semen laboratories. Recruitment for the study was via contacts developed at Chinese Andrology meetings and training sessions between 2005 and 2007. It is not stated how comprehensive this strategy would be for accessing all semen laboratories in China. About half the participating laboratories were in general hospitals and the others in hospitals with academic affiliations or family planning institutes.

Effects of Copper-phenanthroline on Pentachlorophenol-induced Adaptation and Cell Death of Escherichia coli

Objective To evaluate the effects of copper-phenanthroline （CuOP） on pentachlomphenol （PCP）-induced adaptation and cell death of Escherichia coli. Methods Bacterial growth and adaptation to PCP were monitored spectrophotometrically at 600 nm. Inactivation of bacterial cells was determined from colony count on agar dishes. Cellular ATP content and accumulation of PCP were assessed by chemiluminescence and HPLC analysis respectively. The formation of PCP-Cu-OP complex was shown by UV-visible spectra. Results Escherichia coli （E. coli） could adapt to PCP, a wood preservative and insecticide used in agriculture. The adaptation of E. coli to PCP prevented its death to the synergistic cytotoxicity of CuOP plus PCP and declined cellular accumulation and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation of PCP. Furthermore, CuOP and PCP neither produced reactive oxygen species （ROS） nor had a synergistic effect on uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in E. coli. The synergistic cytotoxicity of CuOP and PCP in E. coli might be due to the formation of lipophilic PCP-Cu-OP complex. Conclusion Our data suggested that adaptation of E. coli to PCP decreased the synergistic effects of CuOP and PCP on prokaryotic cell death due to the formation of lipophilic PCP-Cu-OP complex, but it had no effect on the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and production of reactive oxygen species in E. coli.

接受替罗非班和阿斯匹林治疗的非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征患者应用依诺肝素或普通肝素的疗效及安全性：随机对照试验

背景：对于非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征（acute coronary syndromes，ACS）患者而言，与单独应用普通肝素相比，依诺肝素或者血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb／Ⅲa受体拮抗剂替罗非班与普通肝素联合应用都显示出较好的疗效。目前，尚不清楚依诺肝素和替罗非班联合应用是否像普通肝素和替罗非班标准联合方案一样安全有效。目的：在非ST段抬高的ACS患者中评价依诺肝素和替罗非班联合疗法与普通肝素和替罗非班联合方案的疗效及安全性。设计、地点及参试者：国际前瞻性、开标（open—label）、随机、非劣势（noninferiority）试验。在接受替罗非班和阿斯匹林治疗的非ST段抬高ACS患者中分别给予依诺肝素1mg／kg（n=2026）每12小时一次或经体重校正的静脉普通肝素（n=1961），然后进行比较。这项A to Z试验的A阶段试验是于1999年12月至2002年5月进行的。主要观察指标：意向治疗人群7天时死亡、再发心肌梗死和难治性缺血的发生情况，该意向治疗人群是根据优效性和非劣势原则确定的。应用“心肌梗死溶栓治疗试验”（Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction，TIMI）中之出血分级系统，通过监测出血发生率判定用药安全性。结果：在治疗第7天时，随机分配至依诺肝素组的2018例患者中有169例（8．4％）发生死亡、心肌梗死或者难治性缺血，而普通肝素组的1952例患者中有184例（9．4％）发生上述事件（风险比[hazard ratio，HR]为0．88，95％可信区间[confidence interval，CI]为0．71～1．08）。该结果符合预先设定的非劣势标准。除死亡外，所有一级和二级复合终点事件分析结果均提示，依诺肝素更为有益。死亡仅见于1％的患者（依诺肝素组23例，普通肝素组17例）。任何TIMI分级的出血发生率都很低（依诺肝素组为3．0％，普通肝素组为2．2％；P=0．13）。最差情况分析（合并了两种独立的出血判定策略）表明，采用依诺肝素每治疗200例患者就会发生一次TIMI严重出血。结论：对于接受替罗非班和阿斯匹林治疗的非ST段抬高ACS患者而言，依诺肝素是除普通普通肝素之外的另一种适当选择。依诺肝素可使一级终点相对减少12％，绝对减少1％，符合非劣势标准。该结果与以往未联用糖蛋白Ⅱb／Ⅲa受体拮抗剂的试验一致。

非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征患者随机应用依诺肝素或普通肝素抗凝治疗的疗效和出血并发症：系统综述

背景：抗凝疗法已成为急性冠脉综合征（acute coronary syndrome，ACS）治疗指南推荐的标准疗法。但是，最近某些试验在ACS患者中对依诺肝素（enoxaparin）与普通肝素（unfractionated heparin）的应用进行了比较，发现这些抗凝疗法的疗效及安全性并不及既往试验结果。目的：有6项随机对照试验对依诺肝素与普通肝素治疗ACS患者进行了比较，对其终点（即全因死亡及非致死性心肌梗死）、输血与大出血进行系统评估。资料来源：从杜克临床研究所（Duke Clinical Research Institute）获取ESSENCE、A to Z及SYNERGY试验的原始数据。由TIMI 11B、ACUTEⅡ及INTERACT研究的主要研究人员提供各自的基线特征和事件发生频率。研究选取：在非ST段抬高ACS患者中比较依诺肝素与普通肝素的6项随机对照试验均人选进行分析。数据提取：从全部试验人群和随机分组前未接受抗凝治疗的亚人群中获取疗效终点和安全性终点。数据综合：应用随机效应经验性贝叶斯模型（random—effects empirical Bayes model），系统评估21946例患者的结果。依诺肝素与普通肝素30天死亡率无显著差异（3．0％比3．0％，优势比[odds ratio，OR]，1．00；95％可信区间[confidence interval，CI]，0．85～1．17）。在所有试验人群中，依诺肝素与普通肝素相比，30天死亡或非致死性心肌梗死（myocardial infarction，MI）联合终点显著下降，具有统计学差异（10．1％比11．0％；OR，0．91；95％CI，0．83～0．99；所需治疗例数107）。随机分组前未接受抗凝治疗的依诺肝素组患者30天死亡或MI联合终点亦显著下降，具有统计学差异（8．0％比9．4％；OR，0．81；95％CI，0．70～0．94；所需治疗例数72）。随机分组后第7天，总体安全人群或者随机分组前未接受抗凝治疗的人群输血（OR，1．01；95％CI，0．89～1．14）或大出血的发生率（OR，1．04；95％CI，0．83～1．30）无显著差异。结论：对近22000例各类ACS患者进行系统回顾发现，在预防死亡或MI联合终点方面依诺肝素较普通肝素更有效。

左旋丁基苯酞改善AD转基因小鼠学习记忆缺失

阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease，AD），是一种与年龄相关的不可逆的神经退行性疾病，是老年人中引起痴呆最常见的一种疾病。临床上以记忆力减退、认知功能障碍为特征，病情呈进行性加重。左旋丁基苯酞（1-3-n-butylphathlide，L—NBP）是药物研究所从芹菜籽中分离得到的单体化合物，在脑缺血、血管性痴呆和Aβ侧脑室灌流的动物模型上已经证实有良好的神经保护作用。在本研究中，我们采用三转基因小鼠模型（3xTg．AD）来考察L．NBP对小鼠学习记忆缺失的改善作用。10．7月龄的3xTg．AD小鼠分别口服L-NBP15mg／kg和对照溶剂植物油。18周后，进行Morris水迷宫实验，之后小鼠被处死，留取脑组织进行生化和病理实验。

上皮性卵巢癌细胞RhoA蛋白表达水平及意义

目的探讨小分子G蛋白RhoA在上皮性卵巢癌细胞及正常卵巢细胞中的表达水平及RhoA与上皮性卵巢癌侵袭力的相关性。方法上皮性卵巢癌细胞HO8910PM、HO8910及正常卵巢上皮细胞HOSEA中RhoA蛋白表达水平采用免疫细胞化学法检测;Transwell小室体外侵袭试验测定3种细胞的体外侵袭能力。结果HO8910PM细胞中RhoA蛋白表达水平最高,HO8910次之,HOSEA最低（F=35.73,p〈0.01）;3种细胞的侵袭能力以HO8910PM最强,HO8910较弱,HOSEA无侵袭能力（F=105.80,p〈0.01）。RhoA蛋白表达水平与细胞侵袭能力呈正相关（r=0.89、0.84,p〈0.05）。结论RhoA蛋白的表达与上皮性卵巢癌细胞的体外侵袭能力密切相关。RhoA蛋白可能作为重要因子参与上皮性卵巢癌的侵袭转移过程。