Functional conservation and divergence of miR156 and miR529 during rice development

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are important regulatory elements involved in the regulation of various plant developmental and physiological processes by blocking the expression of target genes.MiR156 and miR529 are two combinatorial regulators,which cooperatively target the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE(SPL)family genes.However,there has been no report about the functional conservation and divergence of miR156 and miR529 during plant development to date.In this study,the biological function and relationship of miR156,miR529 and their target Os SPL14 in rice were explored.Overexpression of miR156e or miR529a(miR156e-OE and miR529a-OE)increased the grain size and tiller number but decreased the plant height and panicle length,while an opposite phenotype was observed for their target mimicry(miR156-MIMIC and miR529a-MIMIC)transgenic plants.Stem-loop RT-PCR results revealed ubiquitous expression of miR156 in roots,axillary buds and leaves,while miR529 was preferentially expressed in the panicle.Accordingly,Os SPL14 could be preferentially and precisely cleaved by miR529a in young panicle but by miR156 in vegetative tissues.Transgenic plants generated by the target immune strategy exhibited obvious growth defects upon the blocking of miR156 and/or miR529 function in rice,confirming that both miR156 and miR529 play important roles in controlling rice growth and development.Moreover,the miR156/miR529-Os SPL14 module negatively controlled grain size by regulating the genes associated with grain size and cell cycling,and controlled plant height through a more complicated mechanism.Taken together,our results demonstrate that miR156 and miR529 respectively function dominantly in the vegetative stage and reproductive stage to control rice growth and development by regulating the accumulation of Os SPL14.These findings facilitate a better understanding of the functional conservation and divergence of miR156 and miR529 family in the miRNA combinatorial regulatory network of plants.

Review of China Mobile English Learning： Achievements and Shortcomings -Based on statistical analysis of literature for 10 years （2004-2014） in CNKI （China National Knowledge Infrastructure）

The CNKI includes 153 pieces of paper for 10-year period of 2004-2014 about mobile English learning. We conducted a statistical analysis of 10 years of research among mobile English learning achievements and shortcomings and summarized in order to provide advice and reference for study in the future.