Foodborne doping and supervision in sports

Cases of foodborne doping are frequently reported in sports events and can cause severe consequences for athletes.The foodborne doping can be divided into natural endogenous and artifi cially added foods according to the sources,including anabolic agents,stimulants,diuretics,β-blockers,β2 agonists and others.In order to control foodborne doping,chromatographic technique,immunoassay,nuclear magnetic resonance,biosensor technology,pyrolytic spectroscopy,comprehensive analysis and electrochemical analysis have usually used as analytical and inspection strategies.Meanwhile,the legislation of anti-doping,the improvement of testing standard and technology,and the prevention and control of food safety,as well as the improvement of risk perception of athletes are highly necessary for achieving the effective risk control and supervision of foodborne doping,which will be benefi cial for athletes,doctors and administrators to avoid the risks of foodborne doping test and reduce foodborne doping risks for the health of athletes.

Management and classification of the fracture of lateral process of talus:An overview and literature update

Fracture of the lateral process of the talus(FLPT)is uncommon in clinical practice and can be easily missed or misdiagnosed.In recent years,as researchers from all over the world have further deepened their research on FLPT,there has been a breakthrough in the classification,and the methods and principles of clinical management have changed accordingly;however,there is still no standardized guideline for the diagnosis and management of FLPT,and there have been few relevant literature review articles related to this kind of fracture in the past at least 5 years.In this article,we review the clinical classification,classification-based therapeutic recommendations,and prognosis of FLPT,with the aim of providing a reference for the clinical diagnosis and management of this infrequent fracture.

Resveratrol combats chronic diseases through enhancing mitochondrial quality

Resveratrol(RSV),as a functional food component extracted from natural plants,has been widely studied and recognized in preventing and treating various diseases,with major mechanisms including executing anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation functions,and improving mitochondrial quality.Chronic diseases as non-communicable diseases are mainly caused by multiple factors,such as physiological decline and dysfunction in the body,and have become a significant challenge on public health worldwide.It is worth noting that chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease(AD),Parkinson's disease(PD),muscle atrophy,cardiovascular disease,obesity,and cancer are accompanied by abnormal mitochondrial function.Therefore,targeted regulation of mitochondria may be a meaningful way to prevent and treat chronic diseases.Increasing evidence has confirmed that RSV is actively involved in regulating mitochondria,and it has become an essential consideration to prevent and treat chronic diseases through targeting mitochondria and improving corresponding functions.In this article,current studies on RSV to optimize mitochondrial quality for preventing and alleviating chronic disease are systematically summarized,which can provide a theoretical reference for the development of functional foods or drugs to combat chronic diseases.

Diet restriction and exercise alleviate cognitive reduction of high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice by rescuing inflammation-mediated compromised insulin signaling pathway through activating AMPK/SIRT1 signal pathway and suppressing TLR4 signal pathway

Obesity,caused by excessive energy,leads to body weight gain and various diseases,including cognitive impairment.Current studies suggest that diet restriction such as optimal fasting and regular exercise are crucial for improving cognitive capacity.However,further exploration is needed to understand the specific mechanisms of high fat diet(HFD)-induced cognitive decline in obesity.In the present study,4-month-old mice were subjected to HFD feeding for 18 weeks,followed by aerobic exercise and high-intensity intermittent exercise,regular diet feeding,and intermittent fasting for 8 weeks,and then used to evaluate cognitive capacity,inflammation,compromised insulin signaling pathway,and apoptosis in hippocampal tissue,as well as AMPK/SIRT1 and TLR4 signal pathways.Obese mice revealed impaired cognitive capacity as compared with mice fed with regular diets.In contrast,aerobic exercise,high-intensity intermittent exercise,regular diet,and intermittent fasting could inhibit apoptosis caused by inflammation-mediated compromised insulin signaling pathway in hippocampal tissues through activating the AMPK/SIRT1 signal pathway and suppressing the TLR4 signal pathway,thereby rescuing the cognitive impairment of obese mice.Therefore,diet restriction and exercise interventions may play a positive role in reverting obesity-induced cognitive impairment.

Food insecurity increases the risk of overweight and chronic diseases in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

To investigate the relationship between food insecurity(FI)and overweight/obesity(OW/OB)or corresponding chronic diseases in adolescents,33 studies with 181135 individuals were included in this meta-analysis.Six studies and 10 studies,reported a higher risk of overweight and obesity in adolescents experiencing FI,respectively(OR 1.38,95%CI 1.20‒1.58,P<0.0001;OR 1.11,95%CI 1.01‒1.22,P=0.035,respectively).Based on the pooled results,adolescents with severe FI had the highest risk of OW/OB(OR 1.45,95%CI 1.20‒1.75,P<0.0001).The pooled OR indicated no signifi cant association between FI and OW/OB,when the adolescents were stratifi ed into those under 6 years old and those between 6 and 18 years old.Eleven studies assessed the relationship between FI and the risk of chronic diseases.The anemia subgroup was significantly associated with FI(OR 1.67,95%CI 1.30‒2.13,P<0.0001).Severe FI was reported to increase the risk of hypertension(OR 1.59,95%CI 1.28‒1.98,P<0.0001).Furthermore,a pooled analysis revealed a signifi cant association between FI and the risk of chronic diseases in both 6 and 6-18-year-old subgroups.

Pharmacological potential of ampelopsin in Rattan tea

Rattan tea,made from the leaves of Ampelopsis grossedentata,may potentially perform multiple pharmacological roles,including anti-bacterial,anti-cancer,antioxidant,hepatoprotective and anti-hypertension functions.These beneficial functions of Rattan tea are strongly associated with the bioactivity of ampelopsin,a major flavonoid compound in Rattan tea.In this review,we summarize current research related to the bioactivity and pharmacological mechanisms of ampelopsin,which will provide a better reference for its potential application in the prevention of chronic diseases.©2012 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.

Autophagy-associated signal pathways of functional foods for chronic diseases

Functional foods,namely as natural or processed foods containing bioactive compounds,can provide health-promoting effects beyond basic nutrition,or offer the prevention or supplementary treatment of chronic diseases.The bioactive components in functional foods usually have pleiotropic effects,including antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,hypolipidemic,glycemic-regulating,cytoprotective,and neuroprotective functions.Autophagy is one of the highly conserved cellular processes for the clearance of aberrant components in eukaryotic cells,and plays an essential role in health promotion and prevention and treatment of a series of chronic diseases.Once the cells are in the stress environment,the induced autophagy will accelerate the clearance of cellular damaged or toxic protein aggregates or dysfunctional cellular organelles to maintain homeostasis in cells.In this article,we summarize several widely investigated bioactive components used as functional foods,such as resveratrol,epigallocatechin-3-gallate,curcumin and trehalose,with the regulatory function for autophagy during the intervention of chronic diseases,which will provide the references or novel thoughts for the development of functional foods with the modulation of autophagy.

Natural products for cancer prevention associated with Nrf2–ARE pathway

Cancer chemoprevention involves the application of natural or synthetic compounds to reduce the risk of cancer development.One of the most effective strategies for preventing human cancers might involve inducing phase II detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant enzymes via natural dietary compounds.The regulatory regions of these inducible genes encode the antioxidant response element(ARE).Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2),as a transcription factor,plays a key role in the expression of ARE-mediated genes.Similarly,Nrf2 performs an essential function in the up-regulation of these genes in response to oxidative stress and treatment with dietary phytochemicals.In this article,we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the Nrf2/ARE pathway as a potential molecular target for cancer chemoprevention and its molecular regulation mechanisms,and highlight Nrf2/ARE inducers derived from natural products,which may be used as chemopreventive agents for cancer patients.©2013 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Calcium intake,calcium homeostasis and health

Calcium,as the most abundant mineral in human body,is involved in many physiological and pathological processes.Here,we reviewed the key mechanisms of calcium homeostasis,including calcium sensing receptor regulation,intestinal calcium absorption,renal calcium reabsorption and bone calcium resorption.We further discussed the roles of dietary calcium and vitamin D in diseases associated with dysfunctional regulation of calcium.However,the over-dosed consumption of calcium could increase the risks for a series of diseases,such as kidney stone,myocardial infarction and stroke.

Association between central obesity and executive function as assessed by stroop task performance:A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

Recent studies have suggested a link between executive function(EF)and obesity.Studies oftenadopt body mass index(BM),which reflects the distribution of subcutaneous fat,as the solemarker of obesity;however,BMI is inappropriate to distinguish central obesity,which indicatesthe centralized distribution of visceral fat.Visceral fat compared with subcutaneous fat repre-sents greater relative lipid turnover and may increase the risk of cognitive decline in older adults.However,the relationship between EF and central obesity is largely unknown,particularly inyoung adults.Therefore,we used waist circumference(WC)as a marker of central obesity andinvestigated diferent sensitivities between BMI and WC in the brain function.A total of 26healthy young adults(aged 18-25 years;42%female)underwent functional near-infrared spec-troscopy assessments.EF was assessed using the Stroop task,which is a classical measurementof EF.A significant Stroop effect was observed in the behavioral and hemodynamic data.Inaddition,we observed that behavioral interference on the Stroop task varied much more insubjects with higher BMI and WC than those subjects with lower.Elevated BMI and WC wereassociated with a decreased hemodynamic response during the Stroop task specifically in the pre-frontal cortex(PFC).Compared to BMI,WC was more closely connected with inhibitory controland revealed right lateralized PFC activation.Our findings suggest that WC is a reliable indicatorof brain function in young adults and propose a relationship bet ween EF and central obesity.

Diet and medical foods in Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder with motor and non-motorsigns, which begins long before the diagnosis can be made. Pharmacotherapy with dopaminergic drugsis the mainstay of PD therapy. There is no currently available cure or disease-modifying treatment. Dietand various foods have been proposed as possible risk factors for PD. Nutritional supplementation withomega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, B vitamins, and coenzyme Q may have potential in the management ofPD. In addition, several strategies could possibly lead to the development of medical foods in PD. Forexample, ketogenic diets may have effects complementary to pharmacotherapy. Gut microbial dysbiosisand altered microbial metabolites found in PD may lead to chronic low-grade inflammation in gut andbrain. Interventions targeting gut microbiota, such as the supplementation of probiotics, may providenovel approaches to PD in regard to both symptomatic treatment and disease modification. High qualityrandomized controlled trials need to be conducted in order to evaluate whether these food-basedstrategies have symptomatic efficacy or the potential to delay the progression of PD.

Adropin as an indicator of T2DM and its complications

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2 DM)is one of metabolic diseases with the major inducer of obesity.Due to the change in lifestyle and dietary structure,more and more people are being suffered from T2 DM.Therefore,the prevention and treatment of T2 DM and its complications has become an urgent problem to be solved.As a secreted peptide,adropin is identifi ed as a useful regulator associated with insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis.It has the potential for regulating metabolic diseases including obesity and T2 DM.It should be noted that the secretion of adropin can be induced by diets,aerobic exercise and other interventions.In this article,the underlying mechanisms of adropin for regulating obesity,T2 DM and its complications including diabetic nephropathy,diabetic retinopathy,diabetic encephalopathy,diabetic vascular disease and diabetic cardiovascular disease were summarized.Meanwhile,the strategies for promoting the secretion of adropin were also discussed,which will provide a target for the prevention and targeted treatment,or a candidate of novel and effective functional food or drug for metabolic diseases in the future.

Public Square Dancing Intervention on Subjective Well-Being of Middle-Aged and Elderly People:A Meta-Analysis

Objective:To understand the influence of public square dancing on the subjective well-being of middle-aged and elderly people.Methods:According to the principle of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines,we search Chinese databases,such as CNKI,Wanfang Data,and VIP,and English databases,such as Proquest,Web of Science,Pubmed,Cochrane,and ScienceDirect,and collect relevant articles at home and abroad from 2006 to December 2019 for meta-analysis in January 2020.Result:A total of 10 articles were included.The meta-analysis results showed that the well-being of middle-aged and elderly people in the public square dancing intervention group was significantly higher than that of the other exercise group and control group(both P<0.01).The results of the subgroup analysis showed the following:Different durations of intervention significantly influence the intervention effect(P<0.01).No difference was found between the effect of the mixed-gender intervention and the individual female intervention(P>0.05).No significant difference was found between the groups with weekly intervention frequency(P>0.05).Conclusion:Public square dancing intervention is effective for middle-aged and elderly people’s subjective well-being.Neither mixed intervention nor the times of weekly intervention have an impact on the intervention effect.However,the length of duration of intervention influences the intervention effect.

A Pilot Study to Assess the Effects of Tai Chi on Health Indicators in Type 1 Diabetes Patients

Objective: Previous studies have shown that Tai Chi may have a role in the management of type 2 diabetes. However, to date, no studies have focused specifically on the effects of Tai Chi in people with type 1 diabetes. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of a Tai Chi program on health indicators in adults with type 1 diabetes. Methods: This was a two-group quasi-randomised controlled trial with 13 participants (six men and seven women, aged 24 - 63 years) with type 1 diabetes. This trial was conducted from May to November 2016. The intervention group attended Tai Chi exercise training for 1 to 1.5 hours, twice a week for 12 weeks, and the control group continued with their usual medical care. Indicators of glycaemic control (HbA1c), depressive symptoms, physical measures (body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure and leg strength), and health-related quality of life (physical and mental components summary scores) were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks’ post-intervention. Results: There were significant or borderline significant between-group differences in changes over time in favour of the intervention group in depressive symptoms (p Conclusion: In conclusion, there were improvements in mental health and leg strength in these adults with type 1 diabetes. Large studies are needed to further investigate the effects of Tai Chi in people with Type 1 diabetes.

Motor Imagery did not Improve Strength of Biceps Brachii

Numerous studies have confirmed that motor imagery may result in plastic change in motor system as actual physical activity. However, whether motor imagery can improve muscle strength of the trained persons remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of motor imagery on muscle strength. Totally 12 healthy college students were involved in 4 weeks of mental rehearsal of right upper limb movements (flexion and extension of elbow) during 30 min supervision session three times a week. Electromyogram (EMG) and peak torque of biceps brachii, reaction time of subjects were analyzed. Results showed that no significant change in EMG of biceps brachii was observed during motor imagery. After motor rehearsal for 4 weeks, statistically significant difference in EMG, peak torque and reactivity were not observed (P > 0.05) when compared with the baseline data. Therefore, motor imagery could not enhance muscle strength of subjects. Whether mental practice is a valid rehabilitation technique needs to be investigated further.

Influence of Intravenous Injection of Hydroxyapatite on Mouse Movement Ability

Lactic acid is usually formed during strenuous exercise, and a large amount of lactic acid and slow anaerobic glycolysis in muscle lead to limitations of movement ability. Hydroxyapatite（HAp） is an alkaline inorganic material with a good biocompatibility. It slowly degrades in vivo and releases trace amounts of calcium ions, reducing cell damage by reacting with polylactic acid and neutralizing local acid environment. Whether HAp can reduce the concentration of lactic acid in vivo and improve movement ability is not yet clear. Here, after eight days of training, 40 mice were randomly divided into four groups： control, distilled water, sodium bicarbonate and HAp group. After one day of rest, the mice were intravenously injected via the lateral tail veins with 1 ml distilled water, sodium bicarbonate and HAp suspension（2.2 mg/ml）, respectively, and subjected to a swimming exhaustive experiment（load 10%）. The swimming time of mice in the water, under water and total time were recorded. The exhaustive exercise mice were immediately subject to abdominal cavity anaesthesia. The concentrations of blood, gastrocnemius and myocardial lactic acid as well as serum LDH activity were detected. We demonstrate that HAp can significantly prolong swimming time and improve serum LDH activity, but does not affect lactic acid concentration. In conclusion, intravenous injection of HAp nanoparticles can significantly improve the exhaustive swimming ability of mice mainly because of the elevated blood LDH activity induced by HAp.

Use of complementary and alternative medicines in people with depression and central obesity: Findings from a Tai Chi and Qigong study

Objective:Depression is a global and growing health issue.Complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) use is common among people with depression.We examined the baseline use of CAM (products,not services) in centrally obese adults with depression,a specific and increasingly important population who were part of a trial of Tai Chi and Qigong for depression.Methods:Self-reported use of CAM products (four major groups:vitamins,herbal medicines,mineral supplements and purified chemicals as nutritional supplements) together with demographic,lifestyle and health status characteristics were collected using validated questions within a written survey.We used descriptive statistics to understand patterns of use.Results:Two hundred and sixty patients participated in the assessment.Half of the patients stated they were using CAM,on average reporting 2.3 CAM per patient.Women were more likely than men,and older people (>60 years) more likely than younger people (<40 years) to use any CAM products.Patients reported using CAM mostly for general health and alleviating aches and pains.CAM use was not associated with health state,use of a prescription antidepressant medicine,nor (self-reported) comorbidities such as arthritis,diabetes,hypertension or alcohol or tobacco use.Conclusions:CAM products are commonly used in Australians with moderate depression,particularly in female or older patients.The range and number of CAM in this group with common comorbidity may present additional unknown risks due to potential interactions with other prescribed medications with a myriad of biological and pharmacological effects.The importance of establishing whether depressed patients are taking CAM,the particular CAM and whether the CAM interacts with each other,other drugs used for depression or the biological process of the depression itself are factors to be considered at each assessment.

Research Progress on Pathogenesis and Intervention Measures of Depression

With the wide spread of the epidemic,the long-term closed lifestyle and the sharp reduction of physical activities,many people have mental health problems such as panic,anxiety and depression.At present,there are few studies on the effect of exercise on depression.Therefore,the study selected exercise intervention therapy and other intervention methods to evaluate the intervention effect of depression,and explored the effect of exercise intervention by evaluating depression scale and effective indicators.Hope this can provide a new idea for exercise intervention as an adjunctive therapy for depression on drug treatment.