Expression of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit in transgenic tobacco plants

Objective: To construct plant transformation vector containing Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit(LT-B) gene and generate LT-B transgenic tobacco plants. Methods: The LT-B coding sequence was amplified from pMMB68 by PCR, subcloned into middle vector pUCmT and binary vector pBI121 to obtain plant expression vector pBI-LTB, in which LT-B expression was controlled under the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. The tobacco plants (Nicotiana tobacum L.Cuttivar Xanthi) were transformed by co-cultivating leaf discs method via Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 harboring the plant expression vector. The regenerated transgenic tobacco plants were selected by kanamycin and confirmed by PCR, Southern blot, Western blot and ELISA. Results:LT-B gene integrated in the tobacco genomic DNA and were expressed in 9 strains of transgenic tobacco plants. The yield was varied from 3.36-10.56 ng/mg total soluble tobacco leaf protein. Conclusion: The plant binary expression vector pBI-LTB was constructed successfully, and transgenic LT-B tobacco plants was generated, and confirmed by Southern blot. The protein LT-B expressed by engineered plants was identified by Western blot analysis and had the expected molecular weight of LT-B pentamer protein. This result is an important step close to developing an edible vaccine and supplying a mucasal immunoajuvant, which will contribute to the prevention of mucosa-route evading pathogen.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt vs endoscopic therapy in preventing variceal rebleeding

AIM:To compare early use of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS) with endoscopic treatment(ET) for the prophylaxis of recurrent variceal bleeding.METHODS:In-patient data were collected from 190 patients between January 2007 and June 2010 who suffured from variceal bleeding.Patients who were older than 75 years;previously received surgical treatment or endoscopic therapy for variceal bleeding;and complicated with hepatic encephalopathy or hepatic cancer,were excluded from this research.Thirty-five cases lost to follow-up were also excluded.Retrospective analysis was done in 126 eligible cases.Among them,64 patients received TIPS(TIPS group) while 62 patients received endoscopic therapy(ET group).The relevant data were collected by patient review or telephone calls.The occurrence of rebleeding,hepatic encephalopathy or other complications,survival rateand cost of treatment were compared between the two groups.RESULTS:During the follow-up period(median,20.7 and 18.7 mo in TIPS and ET groups,respectively),rebleeding from any source occurred in 11 patients in the TIPS group as compared with 31 patients in the ET group(Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test,P = 0.000).Rebleeding rates at any time point(6 wk,1 year and 2 year) in the TIPS group were lower than in the ET group(Bonferroni correction α' = α/3).Eight patients in the TIPS group and 16 in the ET group died with the cumulative survival rates of 80.6% and 64.9%(Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test c2 = 4.864,P = 0.02),respectively.There was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to 6-wk survival rates(Bonferroni correction α' = α/3).However,significant differences were observed between the two groups in the 1-year survival rates(92% and 79%) and the 2-year survival rates(89% and 64.9%)(Bonferroni correction α' = α/3).No significant differences were observed between the two treatment groups in the occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy(12 patients in TIPS group and 5 in ET group,KaplanMeier analysis and log-rank test,c2 = 3.103,P = 0.08).The average total cost for the TIPS group was higher than for ET group(Wilcxon-Mann Whitney test,52 678 RMB vs 38 844 RMB,P < 0.05),but hospitalization frequency and hospital stay during follow-up period were lower(Wilcxon-Mann Whitney test,0.4 d vs 1.3 d,P = 0.01;5 d vs 19 d,P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:Early use of TIPS is more effective than endoscopic treatment in preventing variceal rebleeding and improving survival rate,and does not increase occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy.

Analysis of variabilities of serum proteomic spectra in patients with gastric cancer before and after operation

瞄准：为了在手术前后与胃的癌症在病人学习浆液 proteomic 系列的可变性以便检测特定的蛋白质标记，那能被用于胃的癌症的快诊断。方法：从有在操作前后的胃的癌症的病人的 46 件浆液样品的 Proteomic 系列并且 40 被 IMAC-Cu 蛋白质薄片和飞行团分光术的提高表面的激光 desorption/ 电离时间从正常个人产生。结果：十四差别在浆液表示了蛋白质被外科手术前的病人和正常个人的 proteomic 系列的分析屏蔽。我们获得了 4 蛋白质(热吃惊蛋白质 27，调整葡萄糖的蛋白质，禁止在，蛋白质二硫化物异构酶 A3 ) 完成对班有能力的标记模式耐心队、正常队。这些标记模式分别地产出 95.7% 敏感和 92.5% 特性。在外科手术前的病人的浆液过去表示的蛋白质显然是下面调整的。结论：胃的癌症的特定的蛋白质标记能被用于胃的癌症的快诊断和预后的判断。SELDI-TOF-MS 是为在浆液的新蛋白质标记的察觉和鉴定的一个有用工具。

Expression of angiostatin cDNA in human gallbladder carcinoma cell line GBC-SD and its effect on endothelial proliferation and growth

瞄准：在癌房间在试管内和在试管内，和潜力为胆囊癌 angiostatin 基因治疗珍视的胆囊的生物学的行为上探索 angiostatin 起来规定的影响。方法：包含鼠科的 angiostatin 的 pcDNA3.1 (+) 的真核细胞的表示向量被限制 endonuclease 消化构造并且识别并且定序。recombinant 向量 pcDNA3.1-angiostatin 与向量和嘲笑控制是进有 Lipofectamine 2000，和 paralleled 的人的胆囊癌房间线 GBC-SD 的 transfected。抵抗克隆被 G418 过滤屏蔽。Angiostatin 抄写和蛋白质表示被 RT-PCR 检验，免疫荧光并且西方污点。上层清液被收集对待 endothelial。细胞增长和生长在试管内在显微镜下面被观察。结果：鼠科的 angiostatin cDNA 成功地被克隆进真核细胞的表示向量 pcDNA3.1 (+) 。在有 G418 的 transfection 和选择的 14 d 以后，宏观的抵抗房间克隆与 3.1 (+)-angiostatin 和向量控制的 pcDNA 在试验性的组 transfected 被形成。但是未经治疗的房间在嘲笑控制死了。Angiostatin 被 RT-PCR 检测，蛋白质表示被免疫荧光在试验性的组检测并且西方污点。在三个组的房间增长和生长在试管内在显微镜下面分别地被观察。没有有效差量处于在是有或没有 angiostatin 的 transfected 的组之间的 GBC-SD 细胞的生长速度被观察。有上层清液的术后疗法，有效差量在内皮被观察房间(ECV-304 ) 生长在试管内。细胞增长和生长被禁止。结论：Angiostatin 直接不禁止人的胆囊癌房间增长和生长在试管内，但是 angiostatin 的分泌物住在内皮房间增长和生长。

Characteristics of Laser Produced Plasmas Obtained by Fast ICCD Photography, Schlieren Photography and Optical Emission Spectroscopy

Pulsed laser produced plasmas(LPP)are important for industrial applications and fundamental researches,and their complex,multi-physical and cross-chemical processes need to be investigated more comprehensively.In this work,images of the luminous plasma,the spatial density distribution,and the plasma parameters are experimentally investigated by using fast ICCD photography,schlieren photography,and optical emission spectroscopy.Plasmas are produced by a 1 064 nm,15 ns Nd:YAG laser.Free expanding and splitting phenomena are observed in vacuum(at the pressure of about 1×10 3Pa)and air(at the pressure of 20 Pa)using fast photography,respectively.Meanwhile,shock waves formed in the atmospheric laser produced plasma are visualized by schlieren photography.The formation of shock waves is interpreted with the Sedov-Taylor theory,and an averaged expansion velocity about 375 m/s of the shock waves is estimated during 200～1 000 ns.Atmospheric air is found to have significant confinement effects on the plasma expansions compared to that in vacuum or low pressure ambient.Based on the optical emission spectroscopy,after 1 000 ns,at 0.6 mm above the target,the plasma temperature is about 7 800 K and the electron number density is approximately 0.64×1016cm-3.

An evaluation of the diagnostic value of CA19-9 and CEA levels in patients with pancreatic cancer

Objective：The use of a combination of tumor markers may be an important tool in the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, which is the key to improving prognosis. The study aim was to investigate the diagnostic value of carbohydrate antigen 19-9（CA 19-9） and carcinoembryonic antigen（CEA） levels in patients with pancreatic cancer. Methods：An immunoradiometric assay was used to homochronously measure the serum CA19-9 and CEA levels in 78 pancreatic cancer cases and 64 healthy examinees in hospital. The normal reference values were CA19- 9（0-39 U/ml） and CEA（0-3.4 ng/ml）. Results： Mean serum CA19-9 and CEA levels in patients with pancreatic cancer（406.55±60.18 U/ml, 12.43 ± 1.25 ng/ml） were significantly higher（P〈 0.01） than those in healthy examinees（16.54 ±1.95 U/ml, 2.37 ±0.17 ng/ml）. The sensitivity of the combined detection of CA 19-9 and CEA （92.31%） was significantly higher（P 〈 0.05） than that of either marker alone （79.49%, 71.79%, respectively）. In addition, the sensitivity to diagnose pancreatic cancer by detecting the serum CA19-9 and CEA levels was higher（P〈 0.05） in stage Ⅱ B ＋ Ⅲ＋ Ⅳ（87.04%, 79.23%） than stage Ⅰ ＋ Ⅱ A（62.50%, 54.17%）. Conclusion： The combined detection of CA19-9 and CEA could overcome the deficiency of using single marker detection by improving the sensitivity to diagnose pancreatic cancer. At the same time, CA19-9 and CEA detection could be used to assess mesenteric artery invasion and the metastasis of lymphatics and distant organs in pancreatic cancer.

In vitro effects of sodium hyaluronate on the proliferation and the apoptosis in chondrocytes from patients with Kashin-Beck disease and osteoarthritis

Objective：To identify the in vitro effects of sodium hyaluronate（HA） on the proliferation and the apoptosis of chondrocytes from patients with Kashin-Beck disease（KBD） and osteoarthritis（OA）. Methods：Samples of articular cartilages from KBD and OA patients, as well as healthy volunteers（6 subjects in each of the 3 groups） were dissected, digested with collagenase and the cells cultured in monolayers. Chondrocytes from each sample were assigned to an untreated group and two HA-treated groups： H0（no HA）, H100（HA, 0.1 g/L） and H500（HA, 0.5 g/L）. The first passage chondrocytes were used to observe proliferation using the MTT assay, and apoptosis by flow cytometry through Annexin V/PI staining. Results：HA promoted proliferation of chondrocytes in all the three groups, and.in KBD and OA groups, for cells cultured for 4 and 6 days, H500 significantly promoted the cell proliferation. The apoptotic rates of both KBD and OA group chondrocytes were in the order H500 〈 HA100 〈 H0. Conclusion：Sodium hyaluronate administration has a dosedependent in vitro effect to promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of chondrocytes from patients with KBD and OA.

siRNA of ADAM17 gene induces apoptosis,proliferation inhibition and enhances the effects of genistein on HepG2 cells

Objective：To investigate the effects of siRNA of ADAM17 gene and genistein on apoptosis and the inhibition of proliferation in HepG2 cells in an attempt to seek an effective therapy for hepatocellular carinoma. Methods：Cells were divided into control groups and experimental groups and siRNA was used to silence the ADAM17 gene, alone and in combination with genistein. Cells were harvested at several time periods and assessed for proliferation and apoptosis. Proliferation was assayed by MTT at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours following treatment and apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometric analysis at 48 hours. Results：In siRNA groups, proliferation of cells was significantly inhibited compared to the control groups at 24, 48 and 72 hours（P 〈 0.05）, and apoptosis was significantly increased at 48 hours（P〈 0.01）; In genistein groups, proliferation was inhibited at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, and the apoptosis ratio was significantly increased at 48 hours（P〈 0.01）; while in the groups that received the combination of siRNA transfection and genistein treatment, there was a further significant decrease of proliferation and increase in apoptosis compared with either treatment alone. Conclusion：The ADAM17 gene could be an effective target, and genistein could be a useful agent, in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, siRNA of ADAM17 gene and genistein both inhibited HepG2 cells proliferation and promoted apoptosis, and further, the combination of these treatments had a greater effect than either treatment alone.

Clinical observations on the treatment of infantile hemangiomas with topical imiquimod 5% cream

Objective： To observe the efficacy and safety of topical imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of uncomplicated infantile hemangiomas （IHs）. Methods： A total of 68 IHs were treated with topical imiquimod 5% cream. Among them, 36 were superficial, 22 were mixed, and 10 were deep. The size of IHs ranged from 1.0 cm × 1.5 cm to an area of a whole forearm. All the hemangiomas were in a proliferative stage. Imiquimod was applied 3 times weekly in 44 patients and 5 times weekly in 24 patients for up to 36 weeks. Results： All superficial IHs improved, and 18 achieved complete clinical resolution, 10 had excellent improvement, 5 showed moderate improvements, and 3 patients displayed minimal improvement. Two mixed IHs showed excellent improvement, 3 showed moderate improvement and 5 manifested minimal improvements. The remaining 12 mixed IHs and all deep IHs did not respond to the therapy. The total incidence of local adverse events was 58.82%（40/68）, which included erythema or edema, local itching, incrustation or peeling, erosion or ulceration, although most of these were mild to moderate reactions and did not affect the treatment. Scarring occurred in 2 mixed IHs. No systemic side effects developed. Conclusion： Imiquimod 5% cream may be a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of superficial IHs and some mixed IHs in which the superficial component predominates. An appropriate treatment duration for proliferative IHs treated with this therapy may be 24 weeks. Some local adverse events, such as crusting and erosion with possible scarfing potential may occur and should be addressed by prompt, but temporary, discontinuation of the imiquimod. Topical imiquimod 5% cream can be prudently used in the treatment of IHs larger than 5.0 cm × 5.0 cm in newborns and infants less than 6 months of age. To our knowledge, this is the largest IH group treated with imiquimod that has been reported in the literature to date.

Endoscopic ablation of Barrett's esophagus using the second generation argon plasma coagulation:a prospective randomized controlled trail

Objective：To investigate the efficacy and safety of the second generation argon plasma coagulation（VIO APC） in the ablation of Barrett＇ s Esophagus. Methods：A total of 35 patients with uncomplicated Barrett＇ s esophagus entered into a prospective, randomized, unblinded study comparing the treatment VIO APC combined with a proton pump inhibiter with a proton pump inhibiter administered alone. VIO APC was performed at a power setting of 40W, and argon gas flow at 1.5-2.0 L/min, and＂ forced＂ mode. Ablative treatment was repeated until either no Barrett＇ s epithelium remained or a maximum of 5 treatment sessions occurred. Results：In the ablation group, macroscopic complete ablation was achieved in 14 of 18 patients, and complete ablation confirmed by histology in 12 of 18 patients （P 〈 0.01）. Buried glands were observed in 2 patients who had achieved macroscopic ablation. The Barrett＇s mucosa averaged a reduction of 65%（range 50-75%） in the remaining 4 patients. In the control group, only 2 patients had partial regression, median 30%（range 20-40%）. In the ablation group, post-treatment 4 patients had transient retrosternal pain, and 3 patients had mild epigastric discomfort. One patient had a small hemorrhage during the procedure, which ceased after norepinephrine and thrombosin were administered through the endoscope biopsy channel. No adverse events were observed in the control group. During 11.8（4-15） months follow-up, patients who had achieved the complete ablation have no evidence of relapse of Barrett＇ s esophagus. Conclusion：VIO APC with a relatively low power setting can effectively ablate the Barrett＇ s mucosa. No severe adverse events were observed. Long-term follow-up is needed to assess cancer prevention and the durability of the neo-squamous epithelium.

Recombinant adenovirus-mediated shRNA silencing of midkine gene in BxPC-3 cells

Objective：To investigate the silencing effects of recombinant adenovirus Ad-shRNA-MK on midkine（MK） gene in pancreatic cancer cells. Methods：Ad-shRNA-MK was used to infect pancreatic cancer BxPC-3 cells. Assays were conducted for knockdown of the MK gene on the day of infection and on the 1 ^st, 3^rd, 5^th, 7^th, and 9^th days post-infection by using immunocytochemistry, real-time RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis. Results：The adenoviral Ad-shRNA-PTN was constructed successfully, and infection was confirmed by electron microscopic observation. By using real-time RT-PCR, the inhibition rates of MK mRNA expression in the BxPC-3 cells were 20%, 80%, 55%, and 23% on the 1st, 3^th, 5^th, and 7^th days post-infection. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis confirmed this effect at the gene product level. Conclusion：Efficient and specific knockdown of MK in pancreatic cancer cells by adenoviral Ad-shRNA-PTN is a potentially powerful tool for the study of gene therapy of pancreatic cancer nerve infiltration.

Effect of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion on bile canalicular F-actin microfilaments in rats

Objective：To investigate the effect of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion（I/R） on bile canalicular F-actin microfilaments in rats. Methods： A rat model of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion was employed and the ischemia time was 35 min. The activity of serum alanine aminotransferase （ALT）, aspartate aminotransferase（AST）, γ-glutamyl transferase（GGT） and the level of total bilirubin（TBIL） were measured. Changes in the bile canaliculi were observed by transmission electron microscope. The modification of F-actin microfilaments was quantified by using FITC-Phalloidin and analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging. Results：Modifications of F-actin staining were consistent with the observations made by transmission electron microscopy. The staining of F-actin was normal in hepatocytes before reperfusion but decreased significantly after reperfusion, and there was a marked loss of canalicular microvilli after reperfusion, which coincided with abnormal serum GGT and TBIL levels. Conclusion：Reperfusion, not short-term ischemia, induced a disruption of F-actin microfilaments and a loss of microvilli. These modifications could lead to the impaired bile secretion by damaging canalicular contraction, and could be the main mechanisms of cholestasis after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats.

The Construction of an International Language Environment in the Core Urban Areas from the Perspective of Urban Planning

Urban planning is a process of government as planner to purposefully manage and intervene in the urban development. In this paper,five major tasks for the construction of an international language environment in the core urban areas are proposed from the perspective of urban planning:to explore an effective working mechanism for the construction of the international language environment;to improve the ability of citizens in foreign language communication;to standardize public bilingual notices and signs marking system;to innovate the internationalized operational models of the key industries;to create a multi-functional foreign language consulting service system. Thereby,the objective to improve the international language environment and competitiveness of the urban areas can be accomplished.

Equivalent Time-Domain Representation and Uplink Channel Estimator for Multicarrier CDMA Systems

Many blind channel estimation methods have been proposed for direct sequence (DS) code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems, so we can certainly use them to estimate the finite impulse response (FIR) channel for the multi-carrier (MC-) CDMA system. In this paper, the MC-CDMA system is interpreted as an equivalent time-domain DS-CD-MA system with specific spreading codes. Then, an equivalently time-domain blind channel estimator is derived for the uplink MC-CDMA, which is based on second-order statistics of the received data. By exploiting singular value decomposition (SVD) and the finite alphabet property of transmitted symbols, the time-domain channel impulse response (CIR) for the uplink MC-CDMA can be accurately identified. Computer simulations illustrate both the validity and the overall performance of the proposed estimator.

Electromechanical phase transition of a dielectric elastomer tube under internal pressure of constant mass

The electromechanical phase transition for a dielectric elastomer （DE） tube has been demonstrated in recent experiments, where it is found that the unbulged phase gradually changed into bulged phase. Previous theoretical works only studied the transition process under pressure control condition, which is not consistent with the real experimental condition. This paper focuses on more complex features of the electromechanical phase transition under internal pressure of constant mass. We derive the equilibrium equations and the condition for coexistent states for a DE tube under an internal pressure, a voltage through the thickness and an axial force. We find that under mass control condition the voltage needed to maintain the phase transition increases as the process proceeds. We analyze the entire process of electromechanical phase transition and find that the evolution of configurations is also different from that for pressure control condition.

Effect of dendritic cell modified by gp96-peptide complex on antitumor effect in H22 cell

Objective:To investigate the antitumor effect of dendritic cell （DC） modified by gp96-peptide complexes both in vitro and in vivo.Methods:Gp96-peptide complexes were acquired from H22 liver cancer cells in mice. DC were cultured from bone marrow cells and modified by gp96-peptide complexes. Spleen lymphocytes of mice were activated by modified DC and the cytotoxicity were detected by (（）51Cr) release method. Modified DC, gp96-peptide complexes and inactivated H22 cells were injected into mice bearing H22 liver cancer cells to observe the levels of IL-10, IFN-γ in serum and the alteration of proportions of CD8+-IFNγ+ and CD8+- IL-10+ cells, CD4+-IFNγ+ and CD4+- IL-10+ cells. Results:DC modified by gp96-peptide complexes can activate spleen lymphocyte and the latter can specifically kill H22 cells but not Ehrilich ascites carcinoma cells. Modified DC can improve the host’s antitumor immune response and the proportions of Th1 cells, inhibiting tumor growth. Conclusion: Gp96-peptide complexes can activate DC effectively, making DC a good vaccine.

First-principles study of the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of double perovskite Sr2FeReO6 containing various imperfections

The structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of double perovskite Sr_2FeReO_6 containing eight different imperfections of FeReor ReFeantisites, Fe1–Re1 or Fe1–Re4 interchanges, V_（Fe）, V_（Re）, VOor V_（Sr） vacancies have been studied by using the first-principles projector augmented wave（PAW） within generalized gradient approximation as well as taking into account the on-site Coulomb repulsive interaction（GGA＋U）. No obvious structural changes are observed for the imperfect Sr_2FeReO_6 containing FeReor ReFeantisites, Fe1–Re1 or Fe1–Re4 interchanges, or VSrvacancy defects. However, the six（eight） nearest oxygen neighbors of the vacancy move away from（close to） VFeor V_（Re）（VO） vacancies. The half-metallic（HM） character is maintained for the imperfect Sr_2FeReO_6 containing FeReor ReFeantisites, Fe1–Re4 interchange, V_（Fe）,VO or V_（Sr） vacancies, while it vanishes when the Fe1–Re1 interchange or VRevacancy is presented. So the Fe1–Re1 interchange and the VRevacancy defects should be avoided to preserve the HM character of Sr_2FeReO_6 and thus usage in spintronic devices. In the FeReor ReFeantisites, Fe1–Re1 or Fe1–Re4 interchanges cases, the spin moments of the Fe（Re）cations situated on Re（Fe） antisites are in an antiferromagnetic coupling with those of the Fe（Re） cations on the regular sites. In the V_（Fe）, V_（Re）, VO, or V_（Sr） vacancies cases, a ferromagnetic coupling is obtained within each cation sublattice,while the two cation sublattices are coupled antiferromagnetically. The total magnetic moments μtot（μB/f.u.） of the imperfect Sr_2FeReO_6 containing eight different defects decrease in the sequence of VSrvacancy（3.50）, VRevacancy（3.43）,FeReantisite（2.74）, VOvacancy（2.64）, VFevacancy（2.51）, ReFeantisite（2.29）, Fe1–Re4 interchange（1.96）, Fe1–Re1interchange（1.87）, and the mechanisms of the saturation magnetization reduction have been analyzed.

STUDY ON INFLUENCE OF BENDING-TORSION COUPLING IN AN IMPACTING-RUB ROTOR SYSTEM

A mathematical model of an impacting-rub rotor system with bending-torsion coupling was established. It was compared with the model without bending-torsion coupling through the modem nonlinear dynamic theory . It is observed that periodical, chaotic, period adding phenomena in them and the two models have a similar bifurcation process in their bifurcation figures . But the influence of bending-torsion on the dynmaic characteristics of the system is not neglected. The results have considerable meanings to analyze and improve the characteristics of an impacting- rub rotor system .

Exploring the Reception of Pure Land Conviction within The Tale of,Genji

The pure land conviction was quite prevalent in the Peace Time when The Tale of Genji was published.Murasaki Shikibuestablished the pure land conviction in The Tale of Genjialong with the skeleton which expands from the decline of aristocracy to the consciousness of the mappōand the eschatology,and then to the abominate toward impure land as well as the desire for pure land.Besides,she assimilated the doctrines and aesthetics from the pure land classics as well as inaugurated the disparities from the original pure land doctrines,endowing the pure land conviction in the work with rich color of worldly interests.