Changes of CREB in rat hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens during three phases of morphine induced conditioned place preference in rats

Objective: To investigate the changes in CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) in hippocampus, PFC (prefrontal cortex) and NAc (nucleus accumbens) during three phases of morphine induced CPP (conditioned place preference) in rats, and to elucidate the role of CREB during the progress of conditioned place preference. Methods: Morphine induced CPP acquisition, extinction and drug primed reinstatement model was established, and CREB expression in each brain area was measured by Western Blot methods. Results: Eight alternating injections of morphine (10 mg/kg) induced CPP, and 8 d saline extinction training that extinguished CPP. CPP was reinstated following a priming injection of morphine (2.5 mg/kg). During the phases of CPP acquisition and reinstatement, the level of CREB expression was significantly changed in different brain areas. Conclusion: It was proved that CPP model can be used as an effective tool to investigate the mechanisms underlying drug-induced reinstatement of drug seeking after extinction, and that morphine induced CPP and drug primed reinstatement may involve acti-vation of the transcription factor CREB in several brain areas, suggesting that the CREB and its target gene regulation pathway may mediate the basic mechanism underlying opioid dependence and its drug seeking behavior.

Immunization coverage,knowledge,satisfaction,and associated factors of non-National Immunization Program vaccines among migrant and left-behind families in China:evidence from Zhejiang and Henan provinces

Background Migrant and left-behind families are vulnerable in health services utilization,but little is known about their disparities in immunization of non-National Immunization Program(NIP)vaccines.This study aims to evaluate the immunization coverage,knowledge,satisfaction,and associated factors of non-NIP vaccines among local and migrant families in the urban areas and non-left-behind and left-behind families in the rural areas of China.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in urban areas of Zhejiang and rural areas of Henan in China.A total of 1648 caregivers of children aged 1-6 years were interviewed face-to-face by a pre-designed online questionnaire,and their families were grouped into four types:local urban,migrant,non-left-behind,and left-behind.Non-NIP vaccines includedHemophilus influenza b(Hib)vaccine,varicella vaccine,rotavirus vaccine,enterovirus 71 vaccine(EV71)and 13-valent pneumonia vaccine(PCV13).Log-binomial regression models were used to calculate prevalence ratios(PRs)and 95%confidence intervals(CIs)for the difference on immunization coverage of children,and knowledge and satisfaction of caregivers among families.The network models were conducted to explore the interplay of immunization coverage,knowledge,and satisfaction.Logistic regression models with odds ratios(ORs)and 95%CIs were used to estimate the associated factors of non-NIP vaccination.Results The immunization coverage of all non-NIP vaccines and knowledge of all items of local urban families was the highest,followed by migrant,non-left-behind and left-behind families.Compared with local urban children,thePRs(95%CIs)for getting all vaccinated were 0.65(0.52-0.81),0.29(0.22-0.37)and 0.14(0.09-0.21)among migrant children,non-left-behind children and left-behind children,respectively.The coverage-knowledge-satisfaction network model showed the core node was the satisfaction of vaccination schedule.Non-NIP vaccination was associated with characteristics of both children and caregivers,including age of children(>2 years-OR:1.69,95%CI:1.07-2.68 for local urban children;2.67,1.39-5.13 for migrant children;3.09,1.23-7.76 for non-left-behind children);and below caregivers’characteristics:family role(parents:0.37,0.14-0.99 for non-left-behind children),age(≤35 years:7.27,1.39-37.94 for non-left-behind children),sex(female:0.49,0.30-0.81 for local urban children;0.31,0.15-0.62 for non-left-behind children),physical health(more than average:1.58,1.07-2.35 for local urban children)and non-NIP vaccines knowledge(good:0.45,0.30-0.68 for local urban children;7.54,2.64-21.50 for left-behind children).Conclusions There were immunization disparities in non-NIP vaccines among migrant and left-behind families compared with their local counterparts.Non-NIP vaccination promotion strategies,including education on caregivers,and optimization of the immunization information system,should be delivered particularly among left-behind and migrant families.

Environmental connections of novel avian-origin H7N9 influenza virus infection and virus adaptation to the human

A novel H7N9 influenza A virus has been discovered as the causative identity of the emerging acute respiratory infection cases in Shanghai,China.This virus has also been identified in cases of infection in the neighboring area Hangzhou City in Zhejiang Province.In this study,epidemiologic,clinical,and virological data from three patients in Hangzhou who were confirmed to be infected by the novel H7N9 influenza A virus were collected and analyzed.Human respiratory specimens and chicken feces from a contacted free market were tested for influenza virus by real-time reverse transcription PCR(RT-PCR) and sequencing.The clinical features of the three cases were similar featured with high fever and severe respiratory symptoms;however,only one of the patients died.A certain degree of diversity was observed among the three Hangzhou viruses sequenced from human samples compared with other reported H7N9 influenza A viruses.The sequences of the novel avian-origin H7N9 influenza viruses from Hangzhou City contained important amino acid substitutions related to human adaptation.One of the Hangzhou viruses had gained a novel amino acid substitution(Q226I) in the receptor binding region of hemagglutinin.More importantly,the virus sequenced from the chicken feces had a 627E substitution in the PB2 protein instead of the mammalian-adapted 627K substitution that was found in the PB2 proteins from the Hangzhou viruses from the three patients.Therefore,the newly-emerging H7N9 virus might be under adaptation pressure that will help it "jump" from avian to human hosts.The significance of these substitutions needs further exploration,with both laboratory experiments and extensive field surveillance.