The mechanisms of melanogenesis inhibition by glabridin:molecular docking,PKA/MITF and MAPK/MITF pathways

Glabridin is the main ingredient of hydrophobic fraction in licorice extract and has been shown to have anti-melanogenesis activity in skins.However,the underlying mechanism(s)remain not completely understood.The aim of this study is thus to elucidate the possible mechanisms related to the melanogenesis suppression by glabridin in cultured B16 murine melanoma cells and in UVA radiation induced hyperpigmentation model of BALB/c mice as well.Molecular docking simulations revealed that between catalytic core residues and the compound.The treatment by glabridin significantly downregulated both transcriptional and/or protein expression of melanogenesis-related factors including melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor(MC1R),microphthalmia-associated transcription factor(MITF),tyrosinase(TYR),TYR-related protein-1(TRP-1)and TRP-2 in B16 cells.Both PKA/MITF and MAPK/MITF signaling pathways were found to be involved in the suppression of melanogenesis by glabridin in B16 cells.Also in vivo glabridin therapy significantly reduced hyperpigmentation,epidermal thickening,roughness and inflammation induced by frequent UVA exposure in mice skins,thus beneficial for skin healthcare.These data further look insights into the molecular mechanisms of melanogenesis suppression by glabridin,rationalizing the application of the natural compound for skin healthcare.

Total ionizing dose and synergistic effects of magnetoresistive random-access memory

A magnetoresistive random-access memory(MRAM) device was irradiated by ^(60) Co c-rays and an electron beam.The synergistic effect of this on the MRAM was tested with an additional magnetic field during irradiation,from which the total ionizing dose(TID) and the synergistic damage mechanism of MRAM were analyzed.In addition,DC,AC,and functional parameters of the memory were tested under irradiation and annealing via a very large-scale integrated circuit test system.The radiation-sensitive parameters were obtained through analyzing the data.Because of the magnetic field applied on the MRAM while testing the synergistic effects,shallow trench isolation leakage and Frenkel–Poole emission due to synergistic effects were smaller than that of TID,and hence radiation damage of the synergistic effects was also lower.

Synergistic effects of total ionizing dose and radiated electromagnetic interference on analog-to-digital converter

The influence of combined total ionization dose(TID)and radiated electromagnetic interference(EMI)in a commercial analog-to-digital converter(ADC)was studied.The degradation of the direct-current response,the static parameters,and the dynamic parameters caused by the TID and EMI separately and synergistically is presented.The experimental results demonstrate that the increase in TID intensifies data error and the signal-tonoise ratio(SNR)degradation caused by radiated EMI.The cumulative distribution function of EMI failure with respect to data error and SNR with different TIDs was extracted.The decreasing trend of the threshold was acquired with a small sample size of five for each TID group.The result indicates that the ADC is more sensitive in a compound radiation environment.

Synthesis and characterization of LiCo_(1/3)Ni_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_2 prepared by Pechini process

Layered cathode material LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 was synthesized by Pechini process, and investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling. The sample is well-crystallized and has a phase-pure a-NaFeO2 structure. The particle sizes are uniform, and distributed in the range of 20-200 nm. The initial discharge capacity of the Li/LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 cell was about 149 mAh·g-1 when it was cycled at a voltage range of 4.5-2.3 V with a specific current of 0.25 mA. The result is better in comparison with solid-state solution method. The synthetic procedure was discussed. Three major reactions: chelation, esterification, and polymerization successively occurred.

Crystal Structure and Judd–Ofelt Analysis of Er^(3+) Doped LuAl_3(BO_3)_4 Crystal

Single crystal Er：LuAl3 （BO3） （Er：LuAB） is successfully grown using the top-seeded solution growth method wlth a K2Mo3O10 flux. The cell parameters of the grown crystal are estimated by an x-ray single crystal diffactometor and x-ray powder diffraction analysis. The result indicates that it still belongs to the space group R32. The obtained unit-cell parameters are a = 9.2793（19） a, c = 7.210（3） a, V = 537.65（27） a3, and Z = 3. The absorption spectrum is measured at room temperature. The spectroscopy properties axe investigated based on the Judd Ofelt （J-O） theory, and the effective J-O parameters were calculated to be Ω2 = 8.33 ×10^- 20, Ω4 = 3.83 ×10^-20, and Ω6 = 3.55 × 10^- 20. The emission spectra of Er：LuAB crystal at room temperature are also studied and the 4I11/2 →4I13/2 fluorescence around 3170nm is observed. The emission cross section calculated by the F-L formula is 8.6 × 10^-20 cm2. These results suggest that the Er：LuAB crystal may be a promising -3 μm laser material.

Order-Disorder Transition of Carboxyl Terminated Chains in Polydiacetylenes Vesicles Probed by Second Harmonic Generation and Two-Photon Fluorescence

To understand and control the interfacial properties of polydiacetylenes(PDAs)vesicles withπ-conjugated backbone is very important for their colorimetric sensing of chemical and biological targets.In this work,we adopted 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid(PCDA)as the model molecule to prepare PDAs vesicles in aqueous solution with different forms(from monomer to blue-to-purple-to-red phase)by controlling the UV irradiation dose.The variations of the interfacial conformation of PDAs vesicles during chromatic transitions were inspected by the adsorption behaviors of probe molecules(4-(4-diethylaminostyry)-1-methylpyridinium iodide,D289)on vesicle surface with surface-specific second harmonic generation(SHG)and zeta potential measurements.Resonant SHG signal from D289 adsorbed on vesicle surface attenuated sharply,and the adsorption free energy as well as the corresponding two-photon fluorescence signal decreased slightly in chromatic transitions.While,the change in the surface density of the adsorbed D289 molecules for PDAs vesicles with different forms was relatively small as estimated from zeta potential measurements.The attenuation of the SHG intensity was thus attributed to the overall order-disorder transition and the changed orientation of D289 molecules caused by the gradual distortion of carboxyl head group driven by backbone perturbation.

Synergistic effects of total ionizing dose on single event upset sensitivity in static random access memory under proton irradiation

Synergistic effects of the total ionizing dose （TID） on the single event upset （SEU） sensitivity in static random access memories （SRAMs） were studied by using protons. The total dose was cumulated with high flux protons during the TID exposure, and the SEU cross section was tested with low flux protons at several cumulated dose steps. Because of the radiation-induced off-state leakage current increase of the CMOS transistors, the noise margin became asymmetric and the memory imprint effect was observed.

Inhibition Effects of Salvianolic Acid M and Rosmarinic Acid in Salvia deserta Schang on Human Aldose Reductase

[Objectives]This study aimed to investigate the inhibition effects of two chemical constituents in Salvia deserta Schang on human aldose reductase( AR). [Methods]The isolated salvianolic acid M and rosmarinic acid were prepared into different concentrations of solutions for in vitro enzyme kinetics experiments. [Results]Salvianolic acid M and rosmarinic acid had the strongest inhibition effects at the concentration of 1 g/L. [Conclusions]Salvianolic acid M and rosmarinic acid have inhibition effects on human aldose reductase. The IC50 of salvianolic acid M is 0. 79 μg/mL,and that of rosmarinic acid is 1. 13 μg/mL.

Effects of Seeding Rate and Light on the Seed Yield and Bioactive Ingredient Contents of Vernonia anthelmintica

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of seeding rate and light on the seed yield and active ingredients of Vernonia anthelmintica.[Methods]With V.anthelmintica L.Willd as the research object,the seed yield was determined by staged harvesting combined with the actual cutting and measuring method;and the caffeoylquinic acids(CQA)were used as the characterization indexes,and high performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the contents of 3,4-CQA,3,5-CQA and 4,5-CQA of V.anthelmintica seeds under different seeding rate+light treatments,so as to compare the changes in seed yield and chemical composition of V.anthelmintica under different seeding rates and light factors.[Results]In Moyu County,Hetian and similar areas,the suitable planting rate of V.anthelmintica was in the range of 13.5-15.0 kg/hm^(2).For different harvesting purposes,the optimal seeding rate and light conditions of V.Anthelmintica were different.[Conclusions]The seeding rate and light conditions can be used to interfere with the seed yield and quality of V.anthelmintica.

Effect of Sowing Rate,Fertilizer Amount and Light on Yield of Cichorum glandulosum Boiss. Et Huet.

[Objectives]This study aimed to investigate the effect of sowing rate,fertilizer amount and light on yield of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss.et Huet.[Methods]The Latin square design was adopted to investigate the effect of sowing rate+fertilizer amount,sowing rate+light on root and seed yield of C.glandulosum Boiss.et Huet.The changes in the seed and root yield of C.glandulosum Boiss.et Huet.under the influence of sowing rate,N application rate and light were compared and analyzed.[Results]In Moyu,Hotan and similar areas,the suitable sowing rate of C.glandulosum Boiss.et Huet.was 4.5-15.0 kg/ha.Without applying fertilizer,if the main purpose is to harvest the roots,the sowing rate of C.glandulosum Boiss.et Huet.is recommended to be 7.5-15.0 kg/ha;and if the main purpose is to harvest the seeds,the sowing rate is recommended to be 4.5-7.5 kg/ha.Shading will affect the root and seed yield.At the fertilizer amount of 450 kg/ha,the optimal sowing rate of C.glandulosum Boiss.et Huet.is 4.5 kg/ha.[Conclusions]This study provides a certain reference basis for artificial cultivation of C.glandulosum Boiss.et Huet.

Cultivation Techniques of Salix carmanica Bornm,a Genuine Herb in Xinjiang

Salix carmanica Bornm(Salicaceae)is a tree plant and mainly produced in Hotan and Kashgar of Xinjiang,with the characteristics of drought resistance and super vitality.It is widely used in sand control and desert greening,and is one of the first-selected tree species for sand control,afforestation and ecological environment improvement.S.carmanica Bornm is also one of the genuine medicinal materials in Xinjiang,with pharmacological effects such as clearing away heat,diminishing swelling,promoting secretion of body fluid to quench thirst,reducing adverse effects,stopping vomiting and lowering blood pressure.In order to protect the ecology and tap the authentic medicinal resources in Xinjiang,this article focuses on the utilization value and cultivation techniques of S.carmanica Bornm.

Direct measurement and analysis of total ionizing dose effect on 130 nm PD SOI SRAM cell static noise margin

In this work, the total ionizing dose（TID） effect on 130 nm partially depleted（PD） silicon-on-insulator（SOI） static random access memory（SRAM） cell stability is measured. The SRAM cell test structure allowing direct measurement of the static noise margin（SNM） is specifically designed and irradiated by gamma-ray. Both data sides＇ SNM of 130 nm PD SOI SRAM cell are decreased by TID, which is different from the conclusion obtained in old generation devices that one data side＇s SNM is decreased and the other data side＇s SNM is increased. Moreover, measurement of SNM under different supply voltages（Vdd） reveals that SNM is more sensitive to TID under lower Vdd. The impact of TID on SNM under data retention Vddshould be tested, because Vddof SRAM cell under data retention mode is lower than normal Vdd.The mechanism under the above results is analyzed by measurement of I–V characteristics of SRAM cell transistors.

MOF-derived Se doped MnS/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) as cathode and Zn-Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) membrane as anode for rocking-chair zinc-ion battery

Mn-based zinc ion battery has the advantages of low cost and high performance,which makes it the promising energy storage system.However,the poor conductivity and the agglomeration in the synthesis process of manganese-based materials restrict the performance of batteries.Herein,the Se-doped MnS/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)(Se-MnS/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x))composite material derived from Mn-based metal-organic framework is reported.Electrochemical tests show that Se-doped could generate S defects and enhance the electrochemical activity of MnS.At the same time,the introduction of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) substrate is conducive to exposing more sulfur defects and improving the utilization rate of defects.In the mechanism study,it is found that Se-MnS/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) is transformed into S/Se co-doped Mn3O_(4) at the first charge,which innovatively elucidated the behavior of S/Se during activation.In the electrochemical performance test,the specific capacity can reach 74.7 mAh·g^(-1) at 5.0 A·g^(-1).In addition,the Zn-Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) membrane electrode is prepared by vacuum filtration as the zinc-poor anode,which is assembled into the rocking chair full battery to avoid dendrite growth and exhibit excellent rate performance.The addition of Zn2+weakens the electrostatic repulsion between the interlayers of MXene,and the formation of the folded morphology aids the penetration of the electrolyte.At 1.0 A·g^(-1),the capacity can reach 50.6 mAh·g^(-1).This work is helpful to promote the research and development of the reaction mechanism of manganese based rocking chair batteries.

Multi-Axis Attention With Convolution Parallel Block for Organoid Segmentation

Dear Editor,This letter presents an organoid segmentation model based on multi-axis attention with convolution parallel block.MACPNet adeptly captures dynamic dependencies within bright-field microscopy images,improving global modeling beyond conventional UNet.

Investigation of Knowledge Transfer Approaches to Improve the Acoustic Modeling of Vietnamese ASR System

It is well known that automatic speech recognition(ASR) is a resource consuming task. It takes sufficient amount of data to train a state-of-the-art deep neural network acoustic model. As for some low-resource languages where scripted speech is difficult to obtain, data sparsity is the main problem that limits the performance of speech recognition system. In this paper, several knowledge transfer methods are investigated to overcome the data sparsity problem with the help of high-resource languages.The first one is a pre-training and fine-tuning(PT/FT) method, in which the parameters of hidden layers are initialized with a welltrained neural network. Secondly, the progressive neural networks(Prognets) are investigated. With the help of lateral connections in the network architecture, Prognets are immune to forgetting effect and superior in knowledge transferring. Finally,bottleneck features(BNF) are extracted using cross-lingual deep neural networks and serves as an enhanced feature to improve the performance of ASR system. Experiments are conducted in a low-resource Vietnamese dataset. The results show that all three methods yield significant gains over the baseline system, and the Prognets acoustic model performs the best. Further improvements can be obtained by combining the Prognets model and bottleneck features.

Synthesis of Environmentally Friendly Multifunctional Metal (Calcium,Magnesium) Oleate Detergent with Antioxidation Property

This article covers a method for synthesizing environmentally friendly multifunctional metal (calcium,magnesium) oleate detergents with antioxidation property.These multifunctional metal (calcium,magnesium) oleate detergents with antioxidation property were synthesized using oil-soluble liquid antioxidants (PPIBP,PPIBTSTBP,and PPIBPDA) as reactive functional materials.These oil-soluble liquid antioxidants have the potential to be used as functional materials for application in synthesizing other kinds of substrate detergents.

Laser-Etched Stretchable Graphene-Polymer Composite Array for Sensitive Strain and Viscosity Sensors

The ability to control surface wettability and liquid spreading on textured surfaces is of interest for extensive applications.Soft materials have prominent advantages for producing the smart coatings with multiple functions for strain sensing.Here,we report a simple method to prepare flexible hydrophobic smart coatings using graphene-polymer films.Arrays of individual patterns in the films were created by laser engraving and controlled the contact angle of small drops by pinning the contact lines in a horizontal tensile range of 0-200%.By means of experiments and model,we demonstrate that the ductility of drops is relied on the height-to-spacing ratio of the individual pattern and the intrinsic contact angle.Moreover,the change of drop size was utilized to measure the applied strain and liquid viscosity,enabling a strain sensitivity as high as 1068μm2/%.The proposed laser-etched stretchable graphene-polymer composite has potential applications in DNA microarrays,biological assays,soft robots,and so on.

Impact of switching frequencies on the TID response of SiC power MOSFETs

Different switching frequencies are required when SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors(MOSFETs)are switching in a space environment.In this study,the total ionizing dose(TID)responses of SiC power MOSFETs are investigated under different switching frequencies from 1 kHz to 10 MHz.A significant shift was observed in the threshold voltage as the frequency increased,which resulted in premature failure of the drain-source breakdown voltage and drain-source leakage current.The degradation is attributed to the high activation and low recovery rates of traps at high frequencies.The results of this study suggest that a targeted TID irradiation test evaluation method can be developed according to the actual switching frequency of SiC power MOSFETs.

Simulation of Synergism Effect Using Temperature Switching Irradiation on Bipolar Comparator

The synergism effect of total ionizing dose（TID） on a single event transient（SET） in a bipolar comparator is investigated. Experimental results show that the shapes of the SET are considerably influenced by the TID accumulated in low dose rates. The variation tendency of SET shapes can be accurately simulated by temperature switching irradiation. The mechanism of this synergism effect is also analyzed in brief via the operating schematic of a comparator. After the accumulation of 100 krad（Si）, the lower tendency of negative SET can be attributed to the degeneration of . The change tendency of a positive SET, either lower or higher, is dependent on the load condition that limits the output range of the comparator.

The influence of total ionizing dose on the hot carrier injection of 22 nm bulk nFinFET

We investigate the hot carrier injection effect(HCI)and how X-ray radiation impacts the HCI of 22-nm nFinFETs as a function of device geometry and irradiation bias conditions in this paper.In the HCI test,the degradation of threshold voltage and saturation current decreases with the increase of fin number,which means that HCI weakens when the fin number increases.The reason is attributed to the coupling effect between fins.Moreover,irradiation is shown to weaken the degradation during the subsequent hot carrier test.The influence of irradiation on HCI is more obvious with ON bias than that of OFF bias and transmission gate bias.It is supposed that the Si–H bonds can be broken by irradiation before the HCI test,which is one reason for the irradiation influence on HCI.Besides,trapped charges are generated in the shallow trench isolation by the radiation,which could reduce the channel electric field,and then weaken the HCI.