Diagenesis-Mineralization and Ore Prospecting of the Yangla Copper Deposit, Yunnan Province, Southwest China

The large-scale Yangla copper deposit, located in the central part of the Sanjiang Tethys polymetallic belt, is structurally controlled by the Jinsha River Fault and Yangla Fault. This deposit consists of seven ore blocks, including the Beiwu, Nilv, Jiangbian, Linong, Lunong, Tongjige and Jiaren. The Cu metal prospective reserves of the Yangla deposit are above 1 million tons. There are widely distributed Indosinian granodiorite and also many gabbro-diabase dikes and few quartz porphyries exposed in the Yangla ore district. The ore-hosting rocks are diopsode-garnet skarn, sericitie sandy slate and metamorphic quartz sandstone of the first member of the Devonian Linong Formation. Ore bodies occur as layered, stratoid, lenticular and veined shapes, and are strictly controlled by rocks, strata and structures.

Tennantite and Enargite Rejection in the Copper Flotation—A Mini-Review

With the development of arsenic removal technologies, biological method and sulfide method have been applied in industrial fields, other methods have also been applied in arsenic-containing copper flotation, including coagulation process, ion exchange method, direct precipitation method and so on. In the paper, a short review on the progress of arsenic removal technologies of copper flotation during the last decade is presented, and the importance and the trend of arsenic removal are discussed. The existing and possible strategies of improving copper recovery in porphyry copper ores and rejection of penalty elements such as Tennantite and Enargite in copper flotation concentrates are also presented.

Numerical investigation of sinusoidal pulsating gas intake to intensify the gas-slag momentum transfer in the top-blown smelting furnace

The variation characteristics of bubble morphology and the thermal-physical properties of bubble boundary in the top-blown smelting furnace were explored by means of the computational fluid dynamics method.The essential aspects of the fluid phase(e.g.,splashing volume,dead zone of copper slag,and gas penetration depth)were explored together with the effect of sinusoidal pulsating gas intake on the momentum-transfer performance between phases.The results illustrated that two relatively larger vortices and two smaller vortices appear in the bubble waist and below the lance,respectively.The expansion of larger ones as well as the shrinking of smaller ones combine to cause the contraction of the bubble waist.Compared to the results of the case with a fixed gas injection velocity(V_(g)=58 m/s),the splashing volume and dead zone volume of the slag under the V_(g)=58+10sin(2πt)condition are reduced by 24.9%and 23.5%,respectively,where t represents the instant time.Gas penetration depth and slag motion velocity of the latter are 1.03 and 1.31 times high-er than those of the former,respectively.

铜阳极泥选冶联合工艺有价金属走向考察及改进建议

铜阳极泥是资源综合回收的优选对象,分析各有价金属的分散情况对后续的回收有着指导性的方向作用。铜阳极泥选冶联合工艺较为成熟,具有不断外延拓展金属回收的空间。针对4000 t铜阳极泥物料的生产数据,考察了该工艺有价金属的走向,统计分析了金、银、硒、碲、铅、锑、铋、铜等在工艺流程中的分布率,摸清了有价金属主要分散情况。分析表明,金、银、硒、碲最大的分散点均为浮选尾矿,分别占分散总量的67%、37%、34%、58%,确定为重点管控对象。并结合统计分析结果对提高金、银、硒、碲回收率及铅、锑、铋、铜的回收提出了改进建议。

废旧电脑电路板预处理及常规和微波热解特性研究

废旧印刷电路板中含有丰富的金属及非金属资源,具有较高的资源回收价值与潜在环境危害性。在常规和微波热解条件下,对废旧电脑电路板脱锡预处理及相关热解条件对热解产物的分布规律及影响机制进行研究。结果表明:脱锡预处理对废旧电脑电路板的热解有正向影响,可以使废电路板中的有机材料热解更充分,脱锡预处理后Sn含量从4.10%降低至1.54%,Sn的回收率达68.49%;在常规和微波热解条件下,升高温度可以获得更多的液体和气体产物,但相同温度下微波热解得到的固体产物更多,常规热解后铜含量从热解前的19.17%升高到25.37%,微波热解后铜含量从热解前的19.17%升高到23.32%,铜的回收率达到99.22%以上;热解后绝大部分的溴元素进入到热解油与热解气中,微波热解油中酚类物质含量大于常规热解,呋喃类物质少于常规热解,常规和微波热解气中H_(2)、CO、CH_(4)总量分别达到76.4%和80.7%,热解气体热值分别为18.78 MJ/Nm^(3)和19.97 MJ/Nm^(3),热解气热值介于煤气与天然气之间,可作为燃气使用。综合对比常规热解与微波热解,微波热解金属回收率更高,热解气体中呋喃类物质更少、热解气热值更高,更有利于电子废弃物中有价金属的综合回收利用。

Effect of vacuum on porosity and mechanical properties of high-pressure die-cast pure copper

Pure copper tensile bars were produced by conventional die casting(HPDC) and vacuum-assist die casting(VADC) processes. Porosity and mechanical properties were investigated by using optical microscopy(OM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), X-ray computed tomography(XCT) and tensile tester. Results show that porosities including gas porosity and shrinkage porosity could be observed in copper castings. Since the application of vacuum could reduce filling related gas entrapment and facilitate solidification due to the increased heat transfer between metal and die, both number and size of the entrapped gases, as well as shrinkage porosities were significantly reduced in vacuum-assist die castings of pure copper. The porosity fraction decreased from 2.243% to 0.875% compared with that of the conventional die casting. Besides, mechanical properties were improved significantly, i.e., by 15% for ultimate tensile strength and three times for elongation.

A study of metal/die interfacial heat transfer behavior of vacuum die cast pure copper

High pressure die casting copper is used to produce rotors for induction motors to improve efficiency.Experiments were carried out for a special"step-shape"casting with different step thicknesses.Based on the measured temperature inside the die,the interfacial heat transfer coefficient(IHTC)at the metal/die interface during vacuum die casting was evaluated by solving the inverse problem.The IHTC peak value was 4.5×10^3-11×10^3 W·m^-2·K^-1 under the basic operation condition.The influences of casting pressure,fast shot speed,pouring temperature and initial die surface temperature on the IHTC peak values were investigated.Results show that a greater casting pressure and faster shot speed could only increase the IHTC peak values at the location close to the ingate.An increase of pouring temperature and/or initial die surface temperature significantly increases the IHTC peak values.

H_(3)AsO_(4)-FeSO_(4)-K_(2)SO_(4)-H_(2)O体系水热法臭葱石矿化固砷

研究H_(3)AsO_(4)-FeSO_(4)-K_(2)SO_(4)-H_(2)O体系中K+对水热臭葱石矿化沉砷过程中砷铁沉淀率、沉砷渣物相组成及转变规律的影响。结果表明:K^(+)的存在对沉砷渣物相组成影响显著,处于过饱和状态的Fe(Ⅲ)除与As(Ⅴ)共沉淀生成FeAsO_(4)·2H_(2)O并自身水解沉淀为Fe(OH)SO_(4)外,还会与K^(+)结合以KFe_(3)(SO_(4))_(2)(OH)_(6)形态竞争析出;当初始K^(+)浓度为5 g/L、初始砷浓度为10 g/L、初始铁砷摩尔比为1.5、初始pH值为1、反应温度为160℃、搅拌转速为500 r/min、反应时间为3 h、氧分压为0.6 MPa时,砷、铁沉淀率分别为96.7%、96.5%;沉砷渣物相组成主要为臭葱石、黄钾铁矾、碱式硫酸铁,其含量分别为65.0%、24.2%、10.8%,臭葱石以大颗粒、多面体状晶体形式产出,黄钾铁矾呈不规则晶体形态的小颗粒分散于臭葱石颗粒间;沉砷渣中的As、Fe、K、S含量分别为23.39%、25.72%、1.84%、4.09%。通过将臭葱石矿化沉砷初始铁砷摩尔比控制在合理范围内可有效抑制亚稳态黄钾铁矾物相的形成,实现砷的高效沉淀,提高沉砷渣中砷含量并降低其产量。

银电解废液旋流电积试验

本文采用旋流电积试验设备对银电解废液进行电积试验,研究了废液A(银离子浓度为15.42 g/L)和废液B(银离子浓度为47.42 g/L)2种典型的银离子浓度废液的电积情况,结果表明:废液A以500 A/m^(2)电积40 min,250 A/m^(2)电积20 min,可产出符合IC-Ag99.99标准化学品质的银粉,合格银粉的直收率达到79.2%;废液B以750 A/m^(2)电积90 min,500 A/m^(2)电积40 min,250 A/m^(2)电积40 min,可产出符合IC-Ag99.99标准化学品质的银粉,合格银粉的直收率达到72.7%,银电解废液电积过程中杂质铜、钯主要随着银的逐渐贫化后开始大量析出;随着电积过程铜、钯等杂质不断析出,实现了电解液脱杂的目的,电积后液可返回银电解系统继续使用,同步实现了银电解过程的废水零外排,克服了在银电解废液中硝酸根处理难度大的问题。

铜冶炼渣选矿试验研究

以缓冷电炉渣和转炉渣混合形成的典型铜渣为研究对象,通过研究混合铜渣的矿物组成、元素赋存状态、嵌布特性等确定了铜渣分选的理论基础,并在铜渣物理化学性质分析的基础上研究了不同种类调整剂、捕收剂和起泡剂对铜渣浮选的影响,确定了该混合铜渣浮选适宜的药剂制度:磨矿细度条件为-48μm含量占85%、硫化钠400 g/t、石灰500 g/t、丁基黄药+Z-200为150 g/t+40 g/t、松醇油140 g/t,从而获得了Cu品位24.26%的精矿和0.207%的浮选尾矿,铜回收率达到92.78%,铜渣中的金属铜得到了有效回收利用。

提高阳极炉工序铜直收率措施及应用实践

为提高阳极炉铜直收率,结合实际生产情况,在分析流程元素铜走向的基础上,分析阳极炉粗铜精炼工序铜直收率低的影响因素,针对影响铜直收率的主要因素提出相应的措施,并将措施应用于生产实践,检验措施的有效性。结果表明,阳极炉粗铜精炼过程中,元素铜的损失主要发生在扒渣及出铜过程,阳极炉渣量和中间流程物料产出量是影响阳极炉直收率的主要影响因素。回转式阳极炉传统渐进式摇炉出铜存在出铜口与溜槽高度差较大,易造成熔体喷溅,造成金属铜的损失。通过转炉-阳极炉协同控制,可减少粗铜带渣量,减少阳极炉渣量。采用滑动出铜方式,可实现一次性摇炉至极限位置出铜,从而避免熔体喷溅,降低铜出口金属铜的损失。使用刚玉尖晶石和防渗剂等制备阳极炉溜槽耐火材料,将溜槽设计成锁扣方式连接,可避免浇筑缝隙损坏造成的渗铜,提高阳极炉溜槽的使用寿命,减少铜金属损失,提升阳极炉铜直收率。工业生产实践表明,阳极炉直收率可从92%提升至95.5%,经济效益显著。

铜电解硫酸铜三效混流真空蒸发技术

铜冶炼行业中普遍采用电解液蒸发浓缩-冷却结晶生产硫酸铜副产品作为铜电解过程调节铜酸平衡的重要手段,针对传统硫酸铜常规常压蒸发存在的蒸发效率低、蒸发时间长、蒸汽单耗高等共性难题,西南铜业在对硫酸铜物料属性及其沸点与真空度关系分析的基础上,研发出硫酸铜三效混流真空蒸发浓缩技术,并成功产业化。该套技术实现了硫酸铜蒸发流程的全自动过程控制,大幅度提高了硫酸铜的蒸发效率,蒸汽单耗下降45%,同时回收二次蒸汽冷凝水120 m^(3)/d,直接经济效益达300万元/年以上。目前该蒸发系统运行良好,硫酸铜产品质量稳定,实现了硫酸铜高效、节能、环保及全自动化生产,解决了行业内的共性难题,具有推广应用价值。

硫化转型-定向还原法高效分离回收碲化铜渣和分银炉精炼渣中的碲

本文分别以阳极泥处理过程中产生的碲化铜渣和分银炉精炼渣为原料,采用“硫化转型-定向还原”法回收碲。结果表明:在硫化转型过程中,在60%硫化钠过量系数分别为10倍和6倍、液固比10∶1、转速400 r/min、温度分别为90℃和40℃的条件下水热反应3 h,碲化铜渣和分银炉精炼渣的碲浸出率分别为97.00%和99.75%;在定向还原过程中,在无水亚硫酸钠过量系数5倍、转速400 r/min、反应温度70℃的条件下水热反应3 h,碲化铜渣和分银炉精炼渣浸出液的碲还原率分别为99.75%和91.49%,产出碲粉的总直收率分别为96.76%和91.26%,粗碲粉的纯度均高于99%。对尾液中的硒进一步回收,此外尾液中的钠和硫在氧化后均可通过蒸发结晶以硫酸钠的形式回收。实践证明,该工艺回收碲具有适应性好、回收率高、产物纯度高、药剂成本低、工艺流程短等显著优势。

二氧化碲制备碲粉新工艺生产实践

二氧化碲盐酸浸出-二氧化硫还原是生产碲的新工艺,该工艺流程短、设备配置简单、回收率高,具有较好的应用前景。本文考察该工艺中浸出温度、浸出时间、浸出液固比、预还原时间、还原时间、还原温度等参数对碲回收率的影响,并创新性地提出铁粉深度还原降低后液含碲措施,以提升碲还原率及回收率。主要得到以下结论:在浸出温度65℃、浸出时间60 min、浸出液固比3:1、预还原时间5 min、还原时间6 h、还原温度70℃的条件下,碲的浸出率为95.5%,还原率为91.5%,碲粉经洗涤浇铸后可获得满足Te9995牌号标准的精碲。通过铁粉深度还原含碲后液,可将碲的还原率进一步提升至96%,流程碲回收率达91.68%。相比于电积工艺,新工艺可缩短生产周期95%,实现了碲产品高效产出与经济效益提升。

铜火法精炼炉降低还原天然气单耗的生产运用分析

文章选用东南铜业火法厂精炼炉铜阳极板为例,阐述以吹炼粗铜及流程冷铜为原料,通过氧化去除杂质后,使用天然气为还原剂进行还原除氧,产出合格阳极铜。然而在生产中,火法精炼炉工艺仍存在,如天然气的单耗较高、氧化还原时间较长等诸多问题。对此,文章针对阳极精炼浅氧化进行研究,探究铜火法精炼炉降低天然气单耗的生产应用措施,以便更好地将天然气能耗有效降低。

MgO含量对艾萨炉炼铜渣熔点的影响

针对艾萨炉炼铜过程中经常遇到的铜精矿原料MgO含量偏高的现象,通过合成渣实验以及FactSage软件模拟探究FeO-SiO 2-CaO-MgO四元渣系中MgO含量对炉渣熔点的影响,结合生产渣型给出优化建议。结果表明,渣中MgO含量每增加0.5个百分点,炉渣熔点会升高9~10℃;MgO含量从1%增加到5%,渣的液相面积从10.75%减小到8.84%;MgO含量在2%~2.5%时,优化渣型为:Fe 36%~38%、SiO 228%~30%、Fe 3 O 48.6%、CaO 3.5%~4%。

有色金属冶炼高含砷污酸除砷技术研究进展

有色冶炼过程中会产生大量的含砷酸性废水,除砷处理给企业生产运行带来了较大压力。近年来,高含砷污酸除砷处理受到了广泛关注,如何实现经济、高效除砷成为当前的研究热点。综述了石灰中和-铁盐法、硫化法和尾渣固化除砷法的研究进展,指出了未来发展方向。石灰中和-铁盐法通过两段加入石灰和铁盐,实现深度除砷过程,是目前企业使用最广泛的除砷方法。但该流程会产生大量的含砷石膏渣,在环保逐渐趋严的背景下,为企业带来较大的运行负担。硫化法具有沉淀范围广、产渣量少、运行稳定等优势,该技术在大幅度降低污酸中砷含量的同时,可缓解企业运行压力。尾渣固化除砷技术利用了渣中的铁、硅等元素可在溶液中生成稳定结构,将除砷渣包裹或生成砷酸铁等稳定性物质,实现砷的去除,但会因尾渣原料成分变化使得工艺流程不稳定,在实际生产应用中受到一定制约,但该技术除砷渣的砷浸出量均低于5 mg/L,可实现砷的直接固定,因此具有较大的发展潜力,有较大的研究空间。硫化法、石灰中和铁盐法因技术成熟、流程简便,未来一段时间内仍是企业生产过程的主流工艺。

运用Factsage计算CaO造渣剂对镁铬砖相结构的影响

运用Factsage软件绘制了镁铬砖耐火材料中主要氧化物MgO、Cr_2O_3与熔剂CaO的相图,计算了MgO-Cr_2O_3-CaO三元系中的CaO组分发生变化时出现渣液相的温度。结果表明,火法炼铜温度在1 150～1 350℃时镁铬砖会与熔剂里的CaO反应形成以MgO为主的固溶体和以CaO为主的固溶体以及化合物Ca Cr2O4;形成的相均是高熔点物质,冶炼温度高于1 864℃时才会形成初液相;随着CaO加入量的增多,会破坏镁铬砖里的尖晶石结构。

Characteristics and mechanisms of strain waves generated in rock by cylindrical explosive charges

A superposing principle, by suitably adding the strain waves from a number of concentrated explosive charges to approximate the waves generated by a cylindrical charge based on the strain wave of a point or small spherical explosive charge generated in rock, is used to further study the triggering time of strain gauges installed in radial direction at same distances but different positions surrounding a cylindrical explosive charge in rock. The duration of the first compression phase and peak value of strain wave, and furthermore, their differences are analyzed and some explanations are given. Besides that, the gauge orientation in which the maximum peak value occurs is also discussed. At last, the effect of velocity of detonation(V.O.D.) of a cylindrical explosive charge on the strain waves generated in the surrounding rock is taken as key research and the pattern of peak amplitude of a strain wave varies with the V.O.D. is likely to have been found.

“Giant pressure shadow” structure and ore-finding method of tectonic stress field in the Tongchang Cu-Au polymetallic orefield,Shaanxi,China:Ⅱ.Dynamics of tectonic ore-forming processes and prognosis of concealed ores

The Tongchang orefield is located in the central part of the Mianxian-Lueyang-Yangpingguan area that is celebrated as a 'gold triangle' area,at the juncture of the latitudinal tectonic zone of South Qinling,the Longmenshan Cathysian tectonic zone and the Sichuan-Yunnan longitudinal tectonic zone,where there are distributed Cu-Au polymetallic ore deposits(occurrences) including the Tongchang,Chenjiaba,Qinjiabian,Hongtushi,Yinshangou and Xiakouyi ore deposits(mineralization).Based on the "giant pressure shadow" structure put forward and demonstrated by numerical modeling of the tectonic stress field and the static photoelasticity experiments on the basis of tectonic ore-controlling laws in the orefield,tectonic metallogenesis driven by orefield tectonic stress has been discussed in terms of its geological setting,orefield geomechanics,and tectonic stress field.It is thought that the dynamic evolution model of the tectonic stress field controls the whole process of formation of the polymetallic ore deposits(mineralization) in the orefield,as well as the deformation field.As a result,it controls the emplacement of rockbodies and the transformation of ore-source bodies,and provides both the channel-ways for ore-forming fluids and ore-hosting space.Furthermore,it controls the migration potential field of fluids and,thereafter,its flow direction,rate and volume;the tectonic stress field also controls the energy field and hence controls the position of occurrence of ore deposits and their scale.The method of tectonic stress field has been applied to ore prognosis in the orefield.The rules of magmatic emplacement and metallogenic fluid migrating and concentrating under the control of the structural stress field were expounded,hence providing the theoretical basis for the prognosis of concealed ores.In addition,a number of important target areas have been defined.