Paris polyphylla Smith var.yunnanensis(Franch.) Hand.-Mazz.is a rhizomatous,herbaceous,perennial plant that has been used for more than a thousand years in traditional Chinese medicine.It is facing extinction due to o...Paris polyphylla Smith var.yunnanensis(Franch.) Hand.-Mazz.is a rhizomatous,herbaceous,perennial plant that has been used for more than a thousand years in traditional Chinese medicine.It is facing extinction due to overharvesting.Steroids are the major therapeutic components in Paris roots,the commercial value of which increases with age.To date,no genomic data on the species have been available.In this study,transcriptome analysis of an 8-year-old root and a 4-year-old root provided insight into the metabolic pathways that generate the steroids.Using Illumina sequencing technology,we generated a high-quality sequence and demonstrated de novo assembly and annotation of genes in the absence of prior genome information.Approximately 87,577 unique sequences,with an average length of 614 bases,were obtained from the root cells.Using bioinformatics methods,we annotated approximately 65.51% of the unique sequences by conducting a similarity search with known genes in the National Center for Biotechnology Information's non-redundant database.The unique transcripts were functionally classified using the Gene Ontology hierarchy and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database.Of 3082 genes that were identified as significantly differentially expressed between roots of different ages,1518(49.25%) were upregulated and 1564(50.75%) were downregulated in the older root.Metabolic pathway analysis predicted that 25 unigenes were responsible for the biosynthesis of the saponins steroids.These data represent a valuable resource for future genomic studies on this endangered species and will be valuable for efforts to genetically engineer P.polyphylla and facilitate saponin-rich plant development.展开更多
Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is an important medicinal plant with abundant saponins that are widely used in the pharmaceuticals industry. It is unclear why the levels of active ingredients increase as these plant...Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is an important medicinal plant with abundant saponins that are widely used in the pharmaceuticals industry. It is unclear why the levels of active ingredients increase as these plants age. We speculated that the concentrations of those components in the rhizomes are mediated by fungal endophytes. To test this hypothesis, we took both culture-dependent and-independent(metagenomics) approaches to analyze the communities of endophytic fungi that inhabit those rhizomes in plants of different age classes(four, six, and eight years old). In all, 147 isolates representing 18 fungal taxa were obtained from 270 segments(90 per age class). Based on morphological and genetic characteristics, Fusarium oxysporum(46.55% frequency of occurrence) was the predominant endophyte,followed by Leptodontidium sp.(8.66%) and Trichoderma viride(6.81%). Colonization of endophytic fungi was maximized in the eight-year-old rhizomes(33.33%) when compared with four-year-old(21.21%) and six-year-old(15.15%) rhizomes. Certain fungal species were present only at particular ages. For example,Alternaria sp., Cylindrocarpon sp., Chaetomium sp., Paraphaeosphaeria sporulosa, Pyrenochaeta sp., Penicillium swiecickii, T. viride, and Truncatella angustata were found only in the oldest plants. Analysis of(metagenomics) community DNA extracted from different-aged samples revealed that, at the class level,the majority of fungi had the highest sequence similarity to members of Sordariomycetes, followed by Eurotiomycetes and Saccharomycetes. These results were mostly in accord with those we obtained using culture methods. Fungal diversity and richness also changed over time. Our investigation is the first to show that the diversity of fungi in rhizomes of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis is altered as plants age, and our findings provide a foundation for future examinations of useful compounds.展开更多
The composition of membrane lipids is sensitive to environmental stresses.Submergence is a type of stress often encountered by plants.However,how the molecular species of membrane lipids respond to submergence has not...The composition of membrane lipids is sensitive to environmental stresses.Submergence is a type of stress often encountered by plants.However,how the molecular species of membrane lipids respond to submergence has not yet been characterised.In this study,we used a lipidomic approach to profile the molecular species of membrane lipids in whole plants of Arabidopsis thaliana that were completely submerged for three days.The plants survived one day of submergence,after which,we found that the total membrane lipids were only subtly decreased,showing significant decreases of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol(MGDG)and phosphatidylcholine(PC)and an increase of phosphatidic acid(PA);however,the basic lipid composition was retained.In contrast,three days of submergence caused plants to die,and the membranes deteriorated via the rapid loss of 96% of lipid content together with a 229% increase in PA.The turnover of molecular species from PG and MGDG to PA indicated that submergenceinduced lipid changes occurred through PA-mediated degradation.In addition,molecular species of extraplastidic PG degraded sooner than plastidic ones,lyso-phospholipids exhibited various patterns of change,and the double-bond index(DBI)remained unchanged until membrane deterioration.Our results revealed the unique changes of membrane lipids upon submergence and suggested that the major cause of the massive lipid degradation could be anoxia.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81473310,31260075,31560085)
文摘Paris polyphylla Smith var.yunnanensis(Franch.) Hand.-Mazz.is a rhizomatous,herbaceous,perennial plant that has been used for more than a thousand years in traditional Chinese medicine.It is facing extinction due to overharvesting.Steroids are the major therapeutic components in Paris roots,the commercial value of which increases with age.To date,no genomic data on the species have been available.In this study,transcriptome analysis of an 8-year-old root and a 4-year-old root provided insight into the metabolic pathways that generate the steroids.Using Illumina sequencing technology,we generated a high-quality sequence and demonstrated de novo assembly and annotation of genes in the absence of prior genome information.Approximately 87,577 unique sequences,with an average length of 614 bases,were obtained from the root cells.Using bioinformatics methods,we annotated approximately 65.51% of the unique sequences by conducting a similarity search with known genes in the National Center for Biotechnology Information's non-redundant database.The unique transcripts were functionally classified using the Gene Ontology hierarchy and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database.Of 3082 genes that were identified as significantly differentially expressed between roots of different ages,1518(49.25%) were upregulated and 1564(50.75%) were downregulated in the older root.Metabolic pathway analysis predicted that 25 unigenes were responsible for the biosynthesis of the saponins steroids.These data represent a valuable resource for future genomic studies on this endangered species and will be valuable for efforts to genetically engineer P.polyphylla and facilitate saponin-rich plant development.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81473310, 31260075, 31560085)
文摘Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is an important medicinal plant with abundant saponins that are widely used in the pharmaceuticals industry. It is unclear why the levels of active ingredients increase as these plants age. We speculated that the concentrations of those components in the rhizomes are mediated by fungal endophytes. To test this hypothesis, we took both culture-dependent and-independent(metagenomics) approaches to analyze the communities of endophytic fungi that inhabit those rhizomes in plants of different age classes(four, six, and eight years old). In all, 147 isolates representing 18 fungal taxa were obtained from 270 segments(90 per age class). Based on morphological and genetic characteristics, Fusarium oxysporum(46.55% frequency of occurrence) was the predominant endophyte,followed by Leptodontidium sp.(8.66%) and Trichoderma viride(6.81%). Colonization of endophytic fungi was maximized in the eight-year-old rhizomes(33.33%) when compared with four-year-old(21.21%) and six-year-old(15.15%) rhizomes. Certain fungal species were present only at particular ages. For example,Alternaria sp., Cylindrocarpon sp., Chaetomium sp., Paraphaeosphaeria sporulosa, Pyrenochaeta sp., Penicillium swiecickii, T. viride, and Truncatella angustata were found only in the oldest plants. Analysis of(metagenomics) community DNA extracted from different-aged samples revealed that, at the class level,the majority of fungi had the highest sequence similarity to members of Sordariomycetes, followed by Eurotiomycetes and Saccharomycetes. These results were mostly in accord with those we obtained using culture methods. Fungal diversity and richness also changed over time. Our investigation is the first to show that the diversity of fungi in rhizomes of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis is altered as plants age, and our findings provide a foundation for future examinations of useful compounds.
基金Acknowledgements The authors thank Mary Roth (Kansas Lipidomics Research Center) for her assistance with the lipid analysis, Dr. Yanxia Jia for the use of the IMAGING-PAM chlorophyll fluorometer.
文摘The composition of membrane lipids is sensitive to environmental stresses.Submergence is a type of stress often encountered by plants.However,how the molecular species of membrane lipids respond to submergence has not yet been characterised.In this study,we used a lipidomic approach to profile the molecular species of membrane lipids in whole plants of Arabidopsis thaliana that were completely submerged for three days.The plants survived one day of submergence,after which,we found that the total membrane lipids were only subtly decreased,showing significant decreases of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol(MGDG)and phosphatidylcholine(PC)and an increase of phosphatidic acid(PA);however,the basic lipid composition was retained.In contrast,three days of submergence caused plants to die,and the membranes deteriorated via the rapid loss of 96% of lipid content together with a 229% increase in PA.The turnover of molecular species from PG and MGDG to PA indicated that submergenceinduced lipid changes occurred through PA-mediated degradation.In addition,molecular species of extraplastidic PG degraded sooner than plastidic ones,lyso-phospholipids exhibited various patterns of change,and the double-bond index(DBI)remained unchanged until membrane deterioration.Our results revealed the unique changes of membrane lipids upon submergence and suggested that the major cause of the massive lipid degradation could be anoxia.