Analysis and Prospects of Innovation and Extension Mode of Agricultural Research Institutes:Hybrid Foxtail Millet Entering Ethiopia

Based on the initiative background of the Belt and Road,in order to promote the sustainability of agricultural cooperation between China and Africa,using hybrid foxtail millet as a medium,the research institutes have carried out basic research on the breeding,cultivation,and demonstration of hybrid foxtail millet in Africa in the early stage,jointed enterprises to carry out the construction of the joint research center and the construction of the industrial chain,and innovated the " scientific research units promoting agricultural " going out". The successful innovation of this mode has effectively exerted the public welfare of scientific research units and the marketability of enterprises. The organic combination of the two makes agricultural projects more healthy,sustainable and stable in African countries.

The Development Status and Countermeasures of Foxtail Millet Industry in Zhangjiakou City Under the Background of the Constructing Two Districts of the Capital

Foxtail millet is drought-resistant and water-saving.It is a typical environmentally friendly crop with high economic and social benefits.In the context of constructing"Two districts of the capital",it is imperative to develop the foxtail millet industry in view of the ecological conditions of Zhangjiakou City.Based on the analysis of the development status of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City,this study pointed out the current problems in the development of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City,and put forward specific suggestions for the development of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City in the future.

Yielding Ability and Stability and Adaptability of Proso Millet Varieties

The yielding ability and stability and adaptability of eight proso millet varieties from Shanxi,Inner Mongolia,Heilongjiang and Hebei were analyzed and evaluated in different ecological regions including Zhangjiakou,Huanghua and Shijiazhuang in 2015. The results showed that Chishu No. 2 and Jishu No. 2 have stronger yielding ability,and their grain yields were 3 144. 42( highest) and 3 133. 15 kg/ha respectively,ranking first and second in the test varieties. In areas with low fertility,especially in saline-alkali areas,they still have potential for high yields,so they are suitable for promotion in large areas in Hebei Province. Neimi No. 8 and Yanshu No. 11 showed special adaptability under different ecological conditions. They require high-fertility soil and can be planted in the spring millet area in north of Hebei.

Nutritional Quality of Oat from Different Producing Areas in China

[Objectives]This study aimed to provide some theoretical support for breeders and processing enterprises in choosing suitable locations,in order to cultivate varieties of different functional types and complete the processing needs of different purposes.[Methods]The oat varieties that are currently being grown in large areas in different production areas were selected.In 11 provinces across China's main oat producing areas,15 pilot sites were deployed for unified planting management.After harvest,the contents of protein,crude fat,starch,β-glucan,avenanthramides(AVEs)and other components in oat kernels were determined.[Results]The protein content in oat kernels ranged from(10.68±1.35)%to(16.65±0.81)%,highest in Ningxia and lowest in Tibet;the fat content in oat kernels ranged from(5.15±1.06)%to(7.54±1.51)%,highest in Yunnan and lowest in Ningxia;the starch content in oat kernels was in the range of(60.70±1.62)%-(67.84±2.09)%,highest in Tibet and lowest in Jilin;theβ-glucan content in oat kernels ranged from(3.67±0.42)%to(4.48±0.33)%,highest in Xinjiang and lowest in Tibet;and the AVEs content in oat kernels was in the range of(58.67±20.25)%-(535.83±133.64)%.[Conclusions]The protein andβ-glucan contents in oat kernels were significantly positively correlated with latitude and longitude,and were significantly negatively correlated with altitude;the starch and fat contents in oat kernels were negatively correlated with latitude and longitude and were significantly positively correlated with altitude;theβ-glucan content in oat kernels and precipitation showed a negative correlation;and the AVEs content in oat kernels was negatively correlated with latitude and was positively correlated with longitude and precipitation.

Investigation on Agronomic Characters of Dwarf Mutant 778 in Broomcorn Millet(Panicum miliaceum L.)and Analysis of Its Sensitivity to GA

In order to investigate the differences between agronomic traits of dwarf mutant and original material 260 and whether the cause of dwarf is related to GA synthesis or signaling pathway,this experiment used dwarf mutant 778 and its original material 260 as experimental materials.Morphological observation and determination were performed for agronomic traits on plant height,ear length,internode length,internode number,seed length,seed width and number of seeds in different growth periods and different concentrations.The plants were treated by GA spraying,and the changes of plant height,root length,stem width,leaf length and leaf width were measured.The results are as follows:①The plant height of the dwarf mutant material was significantly different from that of the original high material,which was mainly caused by the difference between above-ground basal part and the length of the first and second elongation joints.②Comparing and analyzing the differences of traits between dwarf mutant material 778 and original high material 260,it was found that the plant height,ear length,internode number,grain number per ear and internode length of dwarf mutant 778 were significantly lower than that of high stalk 260(P<0.01),and the seed length of dwarf mutant 778 was significantly higher than that of high stalk 260(P<0.05).③Different concentrations of gibberellin(0,50,100,200 mg/L)had no significant effect on plant height and root length of dwarf mutant 778(P>0.05).Different concentrations of gibberellin had significant effects on plant height,root length and sensitivity coefficient of high stalk 260(P<0.05).And compared with the control group,all high materials 260 treated with different concentrations of gibberellin performed differently in plant morphology and growth potential.④Under the conditions of 100 and 200 mg/L GA,the difference of plant height between the dwarf mutant and the high stalk control decreased with time,and there was no difference at the end.There were no differences in sensitivity coefficient GRI between different concentrations of gibberellin treatment groups,indicating that the external gibberellin could restore the scorpion dwarf mutant to the original high stalk,and the gene that causes the mutation might be related with the gibberellin synthesis pathway.

The Breeding and Cultivation Techniques of Zhangzagu No.22

Zhangzagu No.22 was a new high-quality millet cultivar adapted to the climate characteristics of the summer sowing areas,which was selected by the Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences with sterile line A2 as the female parent and‘32×ISE375×Xia1 father’as the male parent.Zhangzagu No.22 has a growth period of 88 d in summer,and exhibits green seedlings,spindle-shaped panicles,a plant height of 135-145 cm,a panicle length of 23-28 cm,a grain weight per panicle of 18-22 g,a 1000-grain weight of 2.90 g,yellow rice,and resistance to herbicide Nabujing.In 2018,it passed the registration of non-major crop varieties by the Ministry of Agriculture,with the registration number:GPD Millet(2018)130193.This study introduced the breeding process,variety characteristics and related cultivation techniques of Zhangzagu No.22.

Breeding and Cultivation Techniques of Zhangzagu No.24

[Objectives]This study was conducted to further enhance the disease resistance of summer-sown hybrid millet varieties and improve the quality of millet.[Methods]Zhangzagu No.24 was bred by Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences with sterile line A2 as the female parent and"5170"as the male parent.[Results]The growth period for summer sowing of Zhangzagu No.24 is 88 d.The seedlings are green and have green leaf sheaths.The plant height is 110 cm.The panicles are 26 cm in length,in a stick panicle type,and moderate in tightness.The single panicle weight is 15.3 g,and the grain weight per panicle is 12.9 g.The grain yield is 84.2%,and the milled rice rate is 78.2%.The 1000-grain weight is 3.11 g.Zhangzagu No.24 shows yellow grains and yellow rice.There is one or two tillers per plant.Zhangzagu No.24 is resistant to herbicide sethoxydim.It obtained the registration certificate for non-main crop varieties,registration number:GPD millet(2018)130194.[Conclusions]This study will contribute to the development of water-saving,high-efficiency and green industrialization of hybrid millet in summer sowing areas in China.

Application Effects of Several Herbicides in Spring Proso Millet Area in Northern Hebei Province

According to the ecological environment and current status of weeds in northern Hebei Province,five herbicides were screened out to test weed control efficacy and crop safety. The result showed that Gaolaotou was more economic and effective when spraying in soil on the sowing day at the dose of 2 250 m L/hm;.

Defective callose walls and cell plates during abnormal meiosis cause male-sterility in the oat mutant zbs1

During meiosis in flowering plants,degradation of the callose wall in tetrads releases newly produced microspores,which develop into mature pollen grains.In this study,we identified zbs1,a male-sterile mutant of naked oat（Avena nuda L.）that displayed complete spikelet sterility due to inviable mature pollen.The abnormal pollen grains originated from microspores with a defective callose wall and cell plate during meiosis.The defective callose wall and cell plate of the zbs1 mutant were detected by the labeling of cell wall epitopes（β-1,3-glucan） with immunogold during meiosis,and an abnormal chromosome configuration was observed by propidium iodide staining.The mature pollen grains of the zbs1 mutant were irregular in shape,and abnormal germination was observed by scanning electron microscopy.Together,our results indicate that the cause of male sterility in zbs1 is abnormal meiosis.

Preliminary Study on Hybrid Foxtail Millet Entering Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso is one of the least developed countries in the world,and is located on the edge of the desert.Drought and water shortage,backward agricultural infrastructure,lacking of water conservancy and irrigation facilities have caused a great threat to the country’s food security.Promoting the cultivation of hybrid foxtail millet in Burkina Faso can well achieve the"going out"of Chinese agriculture and assist in the completion of agricultural assistance to Burkina Faso after the resumption of diplomatic relations with Burkina Faso.In 2019,Zhangjiakou City Academy of Agricultural Sciences cooperated with CGCOC Agriculture Co.,Ltd.to plant hybrid foxtail millet in Burkina Faso,selected three pearl millet varieties that are better promoted locally as control varieties,and found that planting Zhangzagu No.8,No.16 and No.18 with a density of 667000 plant/hm^2(plant spacing 0.12 m×0.25 m,2 plants per hole)and a fertilization amount of 0.3 t/hm2 and sowing in late July are suitable for production management technical regulations of hybrid foxtail millet in Burkina Faso.Because hybrid foxtail millet is superior to local pearl millet in terms of yield,resistance to powdery mildew,and its lodging resistance,it has good prospects for promotion in Burkina Faso.

High-quality genome assembly and pan-genome studies facilitate genetic discovery in mung bean and its improvement

Mung bean is an economically important legume crop species that is used as a food,consumed as a vegetable,and used as an ingredient and even as a medicine.To explore the genomic diversity of mung bean,we assembled a high-quality reference genome(Vrad_JL7)that was479.35 Mb in size,with a contig N50 length of 10.34 Mb.A total of 40,125 protein-coding genes were annotated,representing96.9%of the genetic region.We also sequenced 217 accessions,mainly landraces and cultivars from China,and identified 2,229,343 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs).Population structure revealed that the Chinese accessions diverged into two groups and were distinct from non-Chinese lines.Genetic diversity analysis based on genomic data from 750 accessions in 23 countries supported the hypothesis that mung bean was first domesticated in south Asia and introduced to east Asia probably through the Silk Road.We constructed the first pan-genome of mung bean germplasm and assembled 287.73 Mb of non-reference sequences.Among the genes,83.1%were core genes and 16.9%were variable.Presence/absence variation(PAV)events of nine genes involved in the regulation of the photoperiodic flowering pathway were identified as being under selection during the adaptation process to promote early flowering in the spring.Genomewide association studies(GWASs)revealed 2,912 SNPs and 259 gene PAV events associated with 33 agronomic traits,including a SNP in the coding region of the SWEET10 homolog(jg24043)involved in crude starch content and a PAV event in a large fragment containing 11 genes for color-related traits.This high-quality reference genome and pan-genome will provide insights into mung bean breeding.