Stem Cell Transplantation Represents a New Strategy for the Treatment of Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by faulty neuronal synchronization and repeated seizures.The balance between glutamatergic excitatory neurons and gammaaminobutyric acid inhibitory neurons is critical for optimal brain function.Malfunctions in inhibitory interneurons are one of the reasons that can result in the onset of epilepsy.

Phenolic-enabled nanotechnology:a new strategy for central nervous system disease therapy

Polyphenolic compounds have received tremendous attention in biomedicine because of their good biocompatibility and unique physicochemical properties.In recent years,phenolic-enabled nanotechnology(PEN)has become a hotspot of research in the medical field,and many promising studies have been reported,especially in the application of central nervous system(CNS)diseases.Polyphenolic compounds have superior anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties,and can easily cross the blood‒brain barrier,as well as protect the nervous system from metabolic damage and promote learning and cognitive functions.However,although great advances have been made in this field,a comprehensive review regarding PEN-based nanomaterials for CNS therapy is lacking.A systematic summary of the basic mechanisms and synthetic strategies of PEN-based nanomaterials is beneficial for meeting the demand for the further development of novel treatments for CNS diseases.This review systematically introduces the fundamental physicochemical properties of PEN-based nanomaterials and their applications in the treatment of CNS diseases.We first describe the different ways in which polyphenols interact with other substances to form high-quality products with controlled sizes,shapes,compositions,and surface chemistry and functions.The application of PEN-based nanomaterials in the treatment of CNS diseases is then described,which provides a reference for subsequent research on the treatment of CNS diseases.

Application Analysis of Multiple Neurons Connected with Fast Inhibitory Synapses

Almost all living organisms exhibit autonomic oscillatory activities,which are primarily generated by the rhythmic activities of their neural systems.Several nonlinear oscillator models have been proposed to elucidate these neural behaviors and subsequently applied to the domain of robot control.However,the oscillation patterns generated by these models are often unpredictable and need to be obtained through parameter search.This study introduces a mathematical model that can be used to analyze multiple neurons connected through fast inhibitory synapses.The characteristic of this oscillator is that its stationary point is stable,but the location of the stationary point changes with the system state.Only through reasonable topology and threshold parameter selection can the oscillation be sustained.This study analyzed the conditions for stable oscillation in two-neuron networks and three-neuron networks,and obtained the basic rules of the phase relationship of the oscillator network established by this model.In addition,this study also introduces synchronization mechanisms into the model to enable it to be synchronized with the sensing pulse.Finally,this study used these theories to establish a robot single leg joint angle generation system.The experimental results showed that the simulated robot could achieve synchronization with human motion,and had better control effects compared to traditional oscillators.

The blood-brain barrier:structure,regulation,and drug delivery

Blood–brain barrier(BBB)is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous system(CNS)from toxins and pathogens in blood.However,the presence of BBB complicates the pharmacotherapy for CNS disorders as the most chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals have been impeded to enter the brain.Insufficient drug delivery into the brain leads to low therapeutic efficacy as well as aggravated side effects due to the accumulation in other organs and tissues.Recent breakthrough in materials science and nanotechnology provides a library of advanced materials with customized structure and property serving as a powerful toolkit for targeted drug delivery.In-depth research in the field of anatomical and pathological study on brain and BBB further facilitates the development of brain-targeted strategies for enhanced BBB crossing.In this review,the physiological structure and different cells contributing to this barrier are summarized.Various emerging strategies for permeability regulation and BBB crossing including passive transcytosis,intranasal administration,ligands conjugation,membrane coating,stimuli-triggered BBB disruption,and other strategies to overcome BBB obstacle are highlighted.Versatile drug delivery systems ranging from organic,inorganic,and biologics-derived materials with their synthesis procedures and unique physio-chemical properties are summarized and analyzed.This review aims to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive guideline for researchers in diverse fields,offering perspectives on further development of brain-targeted drug delivery system.

Adult-born neurons in critical period maintain hippocampal seizures via local aberrant excitatory circuits

Temporal lobe epilepsy(TLE),one common type of medically refractory epilepsy,is accompanied with altered adult-born dentate granule cells(abDGCs).However,the causal role of abDGCs in recurrent seizures of TLE is not fully understood.Here,taking advantage of optogenetic and chemogenetic tools to selectively manipulate abDGCs in a reversible manner.

Chemogenetic Therapeutics: A Powerful Tool to Control Cortical Seizures in Non-human Primates

The Basis for Investigating the Role of DREADDs in Epilepsy in Non-human Primates Epilepsy is one of the common neurological disorders,characterized by spontaneous and recurrent seizures.Its etiology and pathophysiology are complicated,where the imbalance of excitatory glutamate and inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission is well documented[1].Frontal lobe epilepsy(FLE)is the second most common focal epilepsy.