Fringing the reefs of the island Tho Chu explored a quarter century later now reexamined in the Gulf of Thailand of the South China Sea. It was found that most of the reefs of the island were lost after the passage of...Fringing the reefs of the island Tho Chu explored a quarter century later now reexamined in the Gulf of Thailand of the South China Sea. It was found that most of the reefs of the island were lost after the passage of typhoon “Ketsana” accompanied by heavy rains and strong sea waves higher than 2 meters in October 2009. Because of these natural phenomena, physical destruction of much of the coral communities occurred. Removal of terrigenous sediments from the islands in the water has led to increased sedimentation and loss of almost all the scleractinian family Acroporidae, the main building corals on the reefs of the Indo-Pacific. At present, in places where once there was full-reef community succession is restoring the reef due to the survivors of the typhoon colonies of coral genera Pocillopora and Acropora.展开更多
Coral reefs of Ku Lao Cham Islands in the Central Vietnam were studied over a quarter of a century. It was established that the reefs of these Islands were lost after the Sangshen typhoon and a heavy flood, which happ...Coral reefs of Ku Lao Cham Islands in the Central Vietnam were studied over a quarter of a century. It was established that the reefs of these Islands were lost after the Sangshen typhoon and a heavy flood, which happened in 2006. As a result of these natural phenomena a significant part of coral populations was physically destroyed, and a powerful export of clay substances from the nearest Vietnamese coast and from the Bung River, flowing into the sea opposite the Islands, causing abundant sedimentation and death of almost all the remaining scleractinian corals. At present, where formerly there were coral reefs, now there is algal-alcyonarian stage of succession of reef communities. This is typical, as a rule, for restoration of reefs after a destructive typhoon effect.展开更多
Fishes have remarkable ability to effectively rebuild the structure of nerve cells and nerve fibers after central nervous system injury.However,the underlying mechanism is poorly understood.In order to address this is...Fishes have remarkable ability to effectively rebuild the structure of nerve cells and nerve fibers after central nervous system injury.However,the underlying mechanism is poorly understood.In order to address this issue,we investigated the proliferation and apoptosis of cells in contralateral and ipsilateral optic nerves,after stab wound injury to the eye of an adult trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.Heterogenous population of proliferating cells was investigated at 1 week after injury.TUNEL labeling gave a qualitative and quantitative assessment of apoptosis in the cells of optic nerve of trout 2 days after injury.After optic nerve injury,apoptotic response was investigated,and mass patterns of cell migration were found.The maximal concentration of apoptotic bodies was detected in the areas of mass clumps of cells.It is probably indicative of massive cell death in the area of high phagocytic activity of macrophages/microglia.At 1 week after optic nerve injury,we observed nerve cell proliferation in the trout brain integration centers：the cerebellum and the optic tectum.In the optic tectum,proliferating cell nuclear antigen（PCNA）-immunopositive radial glia-like cells were identified.Proliferative activity of nerve cells was detected in the dorsal proliferative（matrix） area of the cerebellum and in parenchymal cells of the molecular and granular layers whereas local clusters of undifferentiated cells which formed neurogenic niches were observed in both the optic tectum and cerebellum after optic nerve injury.In vitro analysis of brain cells of trout showed that suspension cells compared with monolayer cells retain higher proliferative activity,as evidenced by PCNA immunolabeling.Phase contrast observation showed mitosis in individual cells and the formation of neurospheres which gradually increased during 1–4 days of culture.The present findings suggest that trout can be used as a novel model for studying neuronal regeneration.展开更多
The author traced the history of the thirty years of study of the Vietnamese reefs since the second half of the 20th century up to the present time. This paper describes the types of reefs, taxonomic composition and s...The author traced the history of the thirty years of study of the Vietnamese reefs since the second half of the 20th century up to the present time. This paper describes the types of reefs, taxonomic composition and structure of Scleractinian reef ecosystems. It is shown that due to a high level of diverse knowledge revealed, high species richness of coral fauna of Vietnam (376 species of 80 genera) is a single point of origin coral fauna Indo-Pacific. Analysis of knowledge of Vietnamese corals and reefs revealed the extent of their positive or negative status under anthropogenic influence or under the level of wilderness protection, experiment on artificial cultivation of corals and the re-establishment of a coral community.展开更多
Mitochondrial DNA fragment of cytb was compared in all species Carassius auratus complex and three forms of ornamental goldfish. It is shown that the phylogenetic relationships between complex species correspond to th...Mitochondrial DNA fragment of cytb was compared in all species Carassius auratus complex and three forms of ornamental goldfish. It is shown that the phylogenetic relationships between complex species correspond to the existing views, based on mtDNA data and geographical distribution. All forms of ornamental goldfish have a monophyletic origin from Chinese goldfish C. auratus auratus. The analysis showed that three nuclear genes (rps7, GH1 and Rh) in the two forms of ornamental goldfish (Oriental twintail goldfish and Chinese Ranchu) were almost identical C. auratus auratus genes, while all three gene in another more simple form of goldfish (common goldfish) were highly homologous to carp Cyprinus carpio nuclear genes. The obtained data suggested that in the history of aquarium goldfish breeding occurred the stage of distant hybridization between goldfish and common carp. Subsequently, the nuclear genomes of some ornamental forms could be enriched by goldfish genes (a relatively recent form as Oriental twintail goldfish and Chinese Ranchu) or common carp genes (the simplest and most ancient forms like common goldfish) as a result of multidirectional breeding and selection of aquarium goldfish various forms.展开更多
The review presents a topological description and interpretation (analysis) of some events in metazoan development and evolution through the use of well-known mathematical concepts and theorems (using topological appr...The review presents a topological description and interpretation (analysis) of some events in metazoan development and evolution through the use of well-known mathematical concepts and theorems (using topological approach). It is the topological language that can provide strict and adequate description of various phenomena in developmental and evolutionary transformations. Topological singularities inevitably arising and transforming during early development destroy the preexisting pattern of symmetry. The symmetry breaking of preexisting spatial pattern plays a critical role in biological morphogenesis in development and evolution. Some events of early development are interpreted in terms of symmetry breakdown and related to well-known mathematical theorems. A topological inevitability of some developmental events through the use of classical topological concepts is discussed. The topological approach makes it possible to consider the succession of spherical surgeries, which change the topological genus of an animal body surface. We model the biological shape as a set of smooth, closed, oriented surfaces—membrane or epithelial layers. Membrane and epithelial surfaces are boundary layers, interfaces between a living structure and its environment, ensuring metabolism. Toroid forms as well as fractal structures in metazoans can be considered as functionally optimized biological design and attractors in biological morphogenesis. The epithelial surface is an interface between the internal medium of an organism and the outside environmental medium;topological and fractal transformations during metazoan evolution and development increase this interface, ensuring better adaptation of organism to the environment. Fractal structures as well as toroid forms can be considered as a functionally optimized design in Metazoa. Topological methodology reveals a certain set of topological rules constraining and directing biological morphogenesis during evolution and development.展开更多
The succession of an Abra ovata community that had formed at the flooded area in Sulaksky Bay (the Caspian Sea) since the mid-1980s was investigated. The resident species Abra ovata and Cerastoderma glaucum, the pione...The succession of an Abra ovata community that had formed at the flooded area in Sulaksky Bay (the Caspian Sea) since the mid-1980s was investigated. The resident species Abra ovata and Cerastoderma glaucum, the pioneer settlers, were found remaining dominant in the community structure and driving the course of its succession, despite some decrease in settlement density and in the rate of occurrence. It was the tolerance of the Sulaksky pioneer settlers for later colonists (macrophytes, mytilids, crustaceans and other organisms) that determined the development of the first succession stage. The next succession stage in Abra ovata communities of Sulaksky Bay does not quite agree with the pattern typical of solid substrates. On the one hand, the community development supports the tolerance model: the pioneer Abra, in spite of being dominant through all the succession stages, does not oppose the settling of other multiple colonists;on the other hand, it agrees with a facilitation model where the abundance of the original settlers, the grazing species, provokes appearance of sturgeon.展开更多
Ultrastructure of gametes (sperm and eggs) of vestimentiferan tubeworms and external-internal insemination by means of spermatozeugmata in Riftia pachyptila were described. The spermatozoa of Riftia are threadlike, ab...Ultrastructure of gametes (sperm and eggs) of vestimentiferan tubeworms and external-internal insemination by means of spermatozeugmata in Riftia pachyptila were described. The spermatozoa of Riftia are threadlike, about 130 μm long, and have a diameter of about 0.7 μm, narrowing to 0.2 μm in the apical portion of the macrodome, and pointed at the end of the tail. Oocytes are produced by the ovaries at the first meiotic prophase stage. The early oocytes are small, hardly exceeding 10 μm in diameter, spherical cells with a poorly differentiated cytoplasm and large nuclei with a nucleolus. Completely formed oocytes reaching up to 130 μm in diameter leave the ovary, their germinal vesicle is unresorbed and has a nucleolus. They are coated by a yolk membrane of 1.2 μm. The eggs enter the oviduct, move along, and accumulate in its expanded anterior portion, the ovisack. The sperm is released in seawater as sperm packages, each having the shape of a torch. Then sperm moves to females and sperm packages at the posterior end of the oviduct surrounding of eggs. Inside the female tube, spermatozoa and, possibly, yet unsplit sperm packages, invade the oviducts through genital openings, where the unfertilized eggs are already present in the terminal portion of the eggsack.展开更多
Analysis of proliferative activity and the ability to neuron differentiation was performed in cultured cells of the brain and spinal cord of juvenile masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen ...Analysis of proliferative activity and the ability to neuron differentiation was performed in cultured cells of the brain and spinal cord of juvenile masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was used as a proliferative marker, while the markers of neuronal differentiation—a neuron protein HuCD, and a neuron-specific transcriptional factor with two DNA- binding sites Pax6—detected neurons. The results showed that cell proliferation occurred mainly in the suspension cell fraction. In monolayer, a few cells were only found to express PCNA. The results of morphological and immunohistochemical analysis allow us to conclude that proliferative activity in primary cultures from the O. masou brain is mainly connected with the suspension fraction of small cells. In contrast, a positive correlation between the cells expressing cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), a marker of H2S synthesis, and the cells expressing PCNA in the monolayer, indicates the participation of H2S in proliferative activity of neurons in primary cultures. The data obtained suggest that the hydrogen sulphide is also involved in the process of differentiation.展开更多
The data of our investigations contribute to understanding of cellular mechanisms of the teleost fishes CNS forming in postembryonic development. The revealed peculiarities of structural and neurochemical organization...The data of our investigations contribute to understanding of cellular mechanisms of the teleost fishes CNS forming in postembryonic development. The revealed peculiarities of structural and neurochemical organization and description of basic histogenetic processes (proliferation, migration and neuronal cell differentiation) during the brain forming in fish, which have signs of fetal organization, widen the existing knowledge about histogenesis of these structures in postembryonic development. It seems conceivable, that during postembrional development in teleost fishes some neurotransmitters and gaseous mediators (NO and H2S) act as factors, which initiate and regulate the cellular and the tissues processes of genetic program during the brain development. Materials of this investigation define a new experimental model for studying of postembrional neurogenesis processes.展开更多
Ascomata of three species of coronophoraceous fungi collected from the Big Thicket National Preserve and an area immediately adjacent to the preserve were examined with a scanning electron microscope to reveal the dis...Ascomata of three species of coronophoraceous fungi collected from the Big Thicket National Preserve and an area immediately adjacent to the preserve were examined with a scanning electron microscope to reveal the distinctive features of the ascomatal surface.Based on the results of the examination,two new species(Neochaetosphaerella thaxteriospora and Tympanopsis texensis)are herein described and discussed.Both a description and an illustration of Scortechinia acanthostroma are also provided.展开更多
文摘Fringing the reefs of the island Tho Chu explored a quarter century later now reexamined in the Gulf of Thailand of the South China Sea. It was found that most of the reefs of the island were lost after the passage of typhoon “Ketsana” accompanied by heavy rains and strong sea waves higher than 2 meters in October 2009. Because of these natural phenomena, physical destruction of much of the coral communities occurred. Removal of terrigenous sediments from the islands in the water has led to increased sedimentation and loss of almost all the scleractinian family Acroporidae, the main building corals on the reefs of the Indo-Pacific. At present, in places where once there was full-reef community succession is restoring the reef due to the survivors of the typhoon colonies of coral genera Pocillopora and Acropora.
文摘Coral reefs of Ku Lao Cham Islands in the Central Vietnam were studied over a quarter of a century. It was established that the reefs of these Islands were lost after the Sangshen typhoon and a heavy flood, which happened in 2006. As a result of these natural phenomena a significant part of coral populations was physically destroyed, and a powerful export of clay substances from the nearest Vietnamese coast and from the Bung River, flowing into the sea opposite the Islands, causing abundant sedimentation and death of almost all the remaining scleractinian corals. At present, where formerly there were coral reefs, now there is algal-alcyonarian stage of succession of reef communities. This is typical, as a rule, for restoration of reefs after a destructive typhoon effect.
基金supported by a grant from President of Russian Federation (No.MD-4318.2015.4)a grant from Program for Basic Research of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 2015–2017 (No.15-I-6-116,section Ⅲ)DST-INSPIRE Faculty Grant (No.IFA14-LSBM-104) from the Department of Science and Technology (DST),Government of India
文摘Fishes have remarkable ability to effectively rebuild the structure of nerve cells and nerve fibers after central nervous system injury.However,the underlying mechanism is poorly understood.In order to address this issue,we investigated the proliferation and apoptosis of cells in contralateral and ipsilateral optic nerves,after stab wound injury to the eye of an adult trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.Heterogenous population of proliferating cells was investigated at 1 week after injury.TUNEL labeling gave a qualitative and quantitative assessment of apoptosis in the cells of optic nerve of trout 2 days after injury.After optic nerve injury,apoptotic response was investigated,and mass patterns of cell migration were found.The maximal concentration of apoptotic bodies was detected in the areas of mass clumps of cells.It is probably indicative of massive cell death in the area of high phagocytic activity of macrophages/microglia.At 1 week after optic nerve injury,we observed nerve cell proliferation in the trout brain integration centers：the cerebellum and the optic tectum.In the optic tectum,proliferating cell nuclear antigen（PCNA）-immunopositive radial glia-like cells were identified.Proliferative activity of nerve cells was detected in the dorsal proliferative（matrix） area of the cerebellum and in parenchymal cells of the molecular and granular layers whereas local clusters of undifferentiated cells which formed neurogenic niches were observed in both the optic tectum and cerebellum after optic nerve injury.In vitro analysis of brain cells of trout showed that suspension cells compared with monolayer cells retain higher proliferative activity,as evidenced by PCNA immunolabeling.Phase contrast observation showed mitosis in individual cells and the formation of neurospheres which gradually increased during 1–4 days of culture.The present findings suggest that trout can be used as a novel model for studying neuronal regeneration.
文摘The author traced the history of the thirty years of study of the Vietnamese reefs since the second half of the 20th century up to the present time. This paper describes the types of reefs, taxonomic composition and structure of Scleractinian reef ecosystems. It is shown that due to a high level of diverse knowledge revealed, high species richness of coral fauna of Vietnam (376 species of 80 genera) is a single point of origin coral fauna Indo-Pacific. Analysis of knowledge of Vietnamese corals and reefs revealed the extent of their positive or negative status under anthropogenic influence or under the level of wilderness protection, experiment on artificial cultivation of corals and the re-establishment of a coral community.
文摘Mitochondrial DNA fragment of cytb was compared in all species Carassius auratus complex and three forms of ornamental goldfish. It is shown that the phylogenetic relationships between complex species correspond to the existing views, based on mtDNA data and geographical distribution. All forms of ornamental goldfish have a monophyletic origin from Chinese goldfish C. auratus auratus. The analysis showed that three nuclear genes (rps7, GH1 and Rh) in the two forms of ornamental goldfish (Oriental twintail goldfish and Chinese Ranchu) were almost identical C. auratus auratus genes, while all three gene in another more simple form of goldfish (common goldfish) were highly homologous to carp Cyprinus carpio nuclear genes. The obtained data suggested that in the history of aquarium goldfish breeding occurred the stage of distant hybridization between goldfish and common carp. Subsequently, the nuclear genomes of some ornamental forms could be enriched by goldfish genes (a relatively recent form as Oriental twintail goldfish and Chinese Ranchu) or common carp genes (the simplest and most ancient forms like common goldfish) as a result of multidirectional breeding and selection of aquarium goldfish various forms.
文摘The review presents a topological description and interpretation (analysis) of some events in metazoan development and evolution through the use of well-known mathematical concepts and theorems (using topological approach). It is the topological language that can provide strict and adequate description of various phenomena in developmental and evolutionary transformations. Topological singularities inevitably arising and transforming during early development destroy the preexisting pattern of symmetry. The symmetry breaking of preexisting spatial pattern plays a critical role in biological morphogenesis in development and evolution. Some events of early development are interpreted in terms of symmetry breakdown and related to well-known mathematical theorems. A topological inevitability of some developmental events through the use of classical topological concepts is discussed. The topological approach makes it possible to consider the succession of spherical surgeries, which change the topological genus of an animal body surface. We model the biological shape as a set of smooth, closed, oriented surfaces—membrane or epithelial layers. Membrane and epithelial surfaces are boundary layers, interfaces between a living structure and its environment, ensuring metabolism. Toroid forms as well as fractal structures in metazoans can be considered as functionally optimized biological design and attractors in biological morphogenesis. The epithelial surface is an interface between the internal medium of an organism and the outside environmental medium;topological and fractal transformations during metazoan evolution and development increase this interface, ensuring better adaptation of organism to the environment. Fractal structures as well as toroid forms can be considered as a functionally optimized design in Metazoa. Topological methodology reveals a certain set of topological rules constraining and directing biological morphogenesis during evolution and development.
文摘The succession of an Abra ovata community that had formed at the flooded area in Sulaksky Bay (the Caspian Sea) since the mid-1980s was investigated. The resident species Abra ovata and Cerastoderma glaucum, the pioneer settlers, were found remaining dominant in the community structure and driving the course of its succession, despite some decrease in settlement density and in the rate of occurrence. It was the tolerance of the Sulaksky pioneer settlers for later colonists (macrophytes, mytilids, crustaceans and other organisms) that determined the development of the first succession stage. The next succession stage in Abra ovata communities of Sulaksky Bay does not quite agree with the pattern typical of solid substrates. On the one hand, the community development supports the tolerance model: the pioneer Abra, in spite of being dominant through all the succession stages, does not oppose the settling of other multiple colonists;on the other hand, it agrees with a facilitation model where the abundance of the original settlers, the grazing species, provokes appearance of sturgeon.
文摘Ultrastructure of gametes (sperm and eggs) of vestimentiferan tubeworms and external-internal insemination by means of spermatozeugmata in Riftia pachyptila were described. The spermatozoa of Riftia are threadlike, about 130 μm long, and have a diameter of about 0.7 μm, narrowing to 0.2 μm in the apical portion of the macrodome, and pointed at the end of the tail. Oocytes are produced by the ovaries at the first meiotic prophase stage. The early oocytes are small, hardly exceeding 10 μm in diameter, spherical cells with a poorly differentiated cytoplasm and large nuclei with a nucleolus. Completely formed oocytes reaching up to 130 μm in diameter leave the ovary, their germinal vesicle is unresorbed and has a nucleolus. They are coated by a yolk membrane of 1.2 μm. The eggs enter the oviduct, move along, and accumulate in its expanded anterior portion, the ovisack. The sperm is released in seawater as sperm packages, each having the shape of a torch. Then sperm moves to females and sperm packages at the posterior end of the oviduct surrounding of eggs. Inside the female tube, spermatozoa and, possibly, yet unsplit sperm packages, invade the oviducts through genital openings, where the unfertilized eggs are already present in the terminal portion of the eggsack.
文摘Analysis of proliferative activity and the ability to neuron differentiation was performed in cultured cells of the brain and spinal cord of juvenile masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was used as a proliferative marker, while the markers of neuronal differentiation—a neuron protein HuCD, and a neuron-specific transcriptional factor with two DNA- binding sites Pax6—detected neurons. The results showed that cell proliferation occurred mainly in the suspension cell fraction. In monolayer, a few cells were only found to express PCNA. The results of morphological and immunohistochemical analysis allow us to conclude that proliferative activity in primary cultures from the O. masou brain is mainly connected with the suspension fraction of small cells. In contrast, a positive correlation between the cells expressing cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), a marker of H2S synthesis, and the cells expressing PCNA in the monolayer, indicates the participation of H2S in proliferative activity of neurons in primary cultures. The data obtained suggest that the hydrogen sulphide is also involved in the process of differentiation.
文摘The data of our investigations contribute to understanding of cellular mechanisms of the teleost fishes CNS forming in postembryonic development. The revealed peculiarities of structural and neurochemical organization and description of basic histogenetic processes (proliferation, migration and neuronal cell differentiation) during the brain forming in fish, which have signs of fetal organization, widen the existing knowledge about histogenesis of these structures in postembryonic development. It seems conceivable, that during postembrional development in teleost fishes some neurotransmitters and gaseous mediators (NO and H2S) act as factors, which initiate and regulate the cellular and the tissues processes of genetic program during the brain development. Materials of this investigation define a new experimental model for studying of postembrional neurogenesis processes.
文摘Ascomata of three species of coronophoraceous fungi collected from the Big Thicket National Preserve and an area immediately adjacent to the preserve were examined with a scanning electron microscope to reveal the distinctive features of the ascomatal surface.Based on the results of the examination,two new species(Neochaetosphaerella thaxteriospora and Tympanopsis texensis)are herein described and discussed.Both a description and an illustration of Scortechinia acanthostroma are also provided.
