Enforcing environmental laws and policies has been one of the pressing agenda globally.Despite the mandate given to the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)by the Act 490,there are still numerous environmental issues ...Enforcing environmental laws and policies has been one of the pressing agenda globally.Despite the mandate given to the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)by the Act 490,there are still numerous environmental issues unaddressed in Ghana.This paper is geared towards unravelling and identifying the current additions that have been made to existing literature on environmental laws and policies in Ghana.This paper made a wide-ranging general literature review to outline significant contributions concerning environmental laws and policies.Numerous environmental laws and policies were identified but have been fragmented and are not codified in a particular document.It is evident from the review of literature existing that there are still areas for advanced research on the topic of environmental laws and policies placing more emphasis on institution concerned with environmental issues at global level.The study recommended the need for capacity building for environmental personnel and data due to the numerous technological advancement to better assist the implementation and enforcement of environmental laws in Ghana.展开更多
Over the past forty years of reform and opening-up,China has experienced vigorous development of Intellectual Property Law.During this period,it has successively enacted and promulgated a range of basic laws,among whi...Over the past forty years of reform and opening-up,China has experienced vigorous development of Intellectual Property Law.During this period,it has successively enacted and promulgated a range of basic laws,among which are the Trademark Law of the PRC,the Patent Law of the PRC,the Copyright Law of the PRC and the AntiUnfair Competition Law of the PRC; and many other related laws and regulations,such as the Regulations of the PRC on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants,Regulations on Protection of Integrated Circuit Layout Design and Provisions on the Protection of Geographical Indication Products.In this way,China has gradually established a relatively sound and complete intellectual property law system.Since the beginning of reform and opening-up,China's practice of intellectual property legislation has adhered to its institutional positioning of being subject to its civil law,safeguarding effective market competition and ensuring the implementation of national strategies.It has followed the development rules of relying on scientific & technological progress,targeting economic and social development and adjusting public policies for guiding purposes.Thanks to this,China has formed multiple coordinating mechanisms to settle conflicts of interests between the protection of intellectual property rights(IPR) and the protection of basic human rights,public health,genetic resources,traditional knowledge,etc.In the future development of China's intellectual property law,a trend of codification will emerge,which will primarily "include intellectual property law in the civil code" or "enact an intellectual property code." The modernization of China's Intellectual Property Law will be manifested in the changes of the defining standard of Intellectual Property Rights(IPR)subjects,the utilization patterns of IPR objects and the protection models of intellectual property.This internationalization will center on creating a new order for international IPR protection.展开更多
Waters off the coasts of West Africa are very rich with many different types of fish and marine life.Some species like sardines,tuna,mackerel,tilapia and shrimps are important to many local communities and economies i...Waters off the coasts of West Africa are very rich with many different types of fish and marine life.Some species like sardines,tuna,mackerel,tilapia and shrimps are important to many local communities and economies in West Africa.However,the current overfishing of these fish affects the sustainability of fishery industry.Despite Ghana ratifying to a number of international marine laws to ensure a sustainable marine fishing,there seem to be some challenges that are associated with marine fishing in Ghana.This paper further examines the strategies that have been employed by the fishing community and the fisheries ministry in Ghana as a response to restrictive measures for the challenges identified and discussed in literature.This paper is fundamentally an extensive review of marine fisheries literature.In general terms,it was found that,Ghana has ratified to a number of international marine laws including the UNCLOS.展开更多
The high rate of relapse among heroin users remains a significant public concern in China. In the present study, we utilized a Motivation-Skill-Desensitization-Mental Energy (MSDE) intervention and evaluated its effec...The high rate of relapse among heroin users remains a significant public concern in China. In the present study, we utilized a Motivation-Skill-Desensitization-Mental Energy (MSDE) intervention and evaluated its effects on abstinence and mental health. Eighty-nine male heroin users in a drug rehabilitation center were enrolled in the study. The participants in the MSDE intervention group (n=46) received MSDE intervention, which included motivational interviewing, coping skills training, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and mindfulness-based psychotherapy. The participants in the control group (h=43) received a series of lectures on skills training. A significant increase in Contemplation Ladder score (P<0.001) and decreases in scores on the Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale (P<0.001), Beck Depression Inventory (P<0.001), and Aggression Questionnaire (P=O.O33) were found immediately after intervention. Compared to the control group, the MSDE intervention group reported significantly higher abstinence rates (P=0.027) and retention rates (P<0.001) at follow-up. Overall, the MSDE intervention, which uses a combined strategy for relapse prevention, could be a promising approach for preventing relapse among heroin users in China.展开更多
This paper first constructed a system to evaluate the innovation efficiency of industrial companies within China's Mainland.Then,a principal component analysis(PCA) was performed to these indicators for dimensiona...This paper first constructed a system to evaluate the innovation efficiency of industrial companies within China's Mainland.Then,a principal component analysis(PCA) was performed to these indicators for dimensionality reduction,so as to figure out the technology innovation efficiency in these two phases,respectively.Finally,the overall efficiency of industrial companies in different regions was estimated and factorized via data envelopment analysis(DEA).The results showed that:(1)the efficiency of green technology innovation of industrial companies in China was relatively low as a whole,which mainly resulted from pure technical efficiency(PTE).Further,this huge gap continues to expand in these regions.And both PTE and scale efficiency(SE) in central and western regions leave much to be expected.(2)In the first phase of green technology development,when environmental factors were concerned,the efficiency was much lower than that without environmental considerations.Besides,the central and western regions were facing increasingly severe environmental problems,and there was a wide disparity in technology development efficiency among eastern,central,and western regions.(3)In the second phase of green technology commercialization,there were still more rooms for improvement in raising the efficiency of green technology innovation,and the efficiency in eastern,central,and western regions was ranked from highest to lowest.(4)Liaoning,Hebei,Heilongjiang,Xinjiang,Shanxi,Inner Mongolia,Yunnan,and Qinghai should focus on improving their technology;Jilin,Jiangxi,Anhui,and Guangxi should make their efforts to reduce resource redundancy;whereas Ningxia and Gansu should try to solve the above two issues.展开更多
In the analysis of how environmental regulation affects the comparative advantage of trade,existing literature ignores industry's inherent heterogeneity, which draws remarkably different conclusions. In view of th...In the analysis of how environmental regulation affects the comparative advantage of trade,existing literature ignores industry's inherent heterogeneity, which draws remarkably different conclusions. In view of this, the paper analyzed the mechanism of environmental regulation on the export quality of different industries from the perspective of factor input structure heterogeneity. Based on the panel data of China's manufacturing industry, the paper used the system generalized method of moments method to examine the heterogeneity influence of environmental regulation on manufacturing export quality. The study found that, first, environmental regulation affected the export quality upgrade of the manufacturing sector through offset effect and compensation effect, and the direction of the impact would mainly depend on the industry's factor input structure. Second, for industries with larger fixed-asset investment(FAI) ratio in the factor input structure, the current environmental regulation policy was not conducive to the export quality upgrading of the industries. However, there was a significant U-shaped dynamic relationship between them. As environmental regulations became stricter, when regulatory stringency went beyond the inflection point, the policy would promote the upgrading of export quality. But for industries with smaller proportion of FAI, environmental regulation exerted a favorable impact on the export quality upgrade, following a J-shaped marginal growth curve.Third, for industries with different factor input structure, their export quality had been effectively upgraded as expected by factors like human capital investment, independent R&D, technology introduction, and foreign direct investment; but raising per capita capital stock and expanding enterprise size did not produce significant direct impact on export quality upgrade. These conclusions remained robust after using different measurement methods and replacing with other variables. Therefore, this paper suggests that governments should take industry heterogeneity into consideration and formulate differentiated hierarchical environmental policies.Besides, they should strengthen the enforcement of the current environmental regulation policies. By doing so, enterprises are forced to improve their technology and product quality so that they can better cope with rising compliance costs, eliminate backward industries, and resolve excess capacity. In this way, the economic structure would be transformed and upgraded from the supply side.展开更多
Since the 1970s,community gardens have played an important role in promoting the development of sustainable communities and improving urban environments in the United States. Despite the popularity of spontaneous urba...Since the 1970s,community gardens have played an important role in promoting the development of sustainable communities and improving urban environments in the United States. Despite the popularity of spontaneous urban farming activities in China,community gardens have not caught on as an ecologically and socially sustainable urban development strategy. Based on a comparison of community garden development in China and the U.S.,the authors of this article fi nd that the development of community gardens in China will require close collaboration between city planning officials,real estate agencies,urban citizens,and landscape architects.展开更多
Peasants' motivation and purpose for transferring land vary from time to time. Based on a survey of 10 villages in Jingshan county, Hubei province, this article finds that the specific forms of rural land transfer...Peasants' motivation and purpose for transferring land vary from time to time. Based on a survey of 10 villages in Jingshan county, Hubei province, this article finds that the specific forms of rural land transfer include active long-term transfer, passive long-term transfer and short-term transfer. Land transfer has an important impact on the stratification of the peasantry. Present institutional arrangements for land ignore the legitimate interests of migrant families and poor and weak villagers and therefore they hold different attitudes toward land tenure institutions than middle peasants do. Based on the conclusions of an empirical analysis, this article puts forward a series of policy recommendations aimed at protecting the land rights of poor and weak peasant households.展开更多
Penicillium simplicissimum was cultured and preserved on the potato dextrose agar(PDA)medium.PDA-RBBR(Remazal Brilliant Blue R)medium was used for the screening of the strains,which is able to produce enzymes.After th...Penicillium simplicissimum was cultured and preserved on the potato dextrose agar(PDA)medium.PDA-RBBR(Remazal Brilliant Blue R)medium was used for the screening of the strains,which is able to produce enzymes.After the mutation process in Penicillium simplicissimum induced by chemical reagent and ultraviolet radiation,a high laccase-producing strains Penicillium simplicissimum was obtained.When 5 m L diethyl sulfate(2%)was mixed along with 5 m L spore suspension for 30 min,chemical mutagenesis reached its best condition.And the optimum conditions of UV mutagenesis were that spore suspension was irradiated for 4 min under 15 W UV lamp at a distance of 30 cm.The highest activity of C_5E_4 strains was 4.80 U/g over 18%higher than the maximum laccase activity of original microorganism.Five generations of the mutant strains were cultured,and the laccase activity of the strains was measured.The result showed that C_5E_4 strains can product laccase of the five subcultures stably.展开更多
Among all the emission reduction measures,carbon tax is recognized as the most effective way to protect our climate.That is why the Chinese government has recently taken it as a tax reform direction.In the current eco...Among all the emission reduction measures,carbon tax is recognized as the most effective way to protect our climate.That is why the Chinese government has recently taken it as a tax reform direction.In the current economic analysis,the design of carbon tax is mostly based on the target to maximize the efficiency.However,based on the theory of tax system optimization,we should also consider other policy objectives,such as equity,revenue and cost,and then balance different objectives to achieve the suboptimum reform of carbon tax system in China.展开更多
Based on two dimensions of supply and demand,we use six indicators to establish a rural inclusive financial development index and evaluate the development of China's rural inclusive finance. We use spatial panel d...Based on two dimensions of supply and demand,we use six indicators to establish a rural inclusive financial development index and evaluate the development of China's rural inclusive finance. We use spatial panel data model to examine the relationship between financial inclusion and rural poverty. Results show that:( i) both the rural inclusive finance and rural residents' per capita consumption present spatial clustering feature and show significant spatial correlation;( ii) the development of rural inclusive finance has significant spatial effect on poverty alleviation along time and space dimensions. In this study,the paper puts forward policy recommendations on strengthening the rural financial resources flow and constructing diversified rural inclusive financial system.展开更多
On the basis of questionnaire survey in 54 natural villages of 22 cities( counties) in 6 central region provinces,this paper analyzed the willingness of rural land circulation and securitization and influencing factor...On the basis of questionnaire survey in 54 natural villages of 22 cities( counties) in 6 central region provinces,this paper analyzed the willingness of rural land circulation and securitization and influencing factors with the aid of Logistic model and Multinomial Logit model.The study indicates that factors influencing willingness of rural land circulation and securitization mainly include land contract method,land circulation information and approaches,rights and interests of farmers infringed or not,policies of benefiting farmers,and non-agricultural skills. Finally,it came up with following pertinent policy recommendations:( 1) reforming and improving land contract methods;( 2)strengthening disclosure of land circulation information;( 3) reforming and improving land circulation approaches;( 4) strengthening protection of farmers' rights and interests in the process of land circulation;( 5) reinforcing and implementing policies benefiting farmers;( 6) cultivating and developing farmers' non-agricultural skills.展开更多
How should international oil and gas enterprises realize energy transformation through green financial instrumentsØrsted located in Denmark is taken as an example to elaborate the methods with which international...How should international oil and gas enterprises realize energy transformation through green financial instrumentsØrsted located in Denmark is taken as an example to elaborate the methods with which international oil and gas enterprises realize energy transformation by green financial instruments.Ørsted has transformed from fossil energy to clean energy since 2009,and has now become a wind power giant in Denmark,with an annual income of DKK 67.8 billion(USD 9.8 billion).During the whole transformation process,the company comprehensively applied internal and external green financial instruments to assist the transformation.展开更多
The effects of different surface pretreatment methods on the nucleation and growth of ultra-nanocrystalline diamond(UNCD) films grown from focused microwave Ar/CH_4/H_2(argonrich) plasma were systematically studied.Th...The effects of different surface pretreatment methods on the nucleation and growth of ultra-nanocrystalline diamond(UNCD) films grown from focused microwave Ar/CH_4/H_2(argonrich) plasma were systematically studied.The surface roughness,nucleation density,microstructure,and crystallinity of the obtained UNCD films were characterized by atomic force microscope(AFM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and Raman spectroscopy.The results indicate that the nucleation enhancement was found to be sensitive to the different surface pretreatment methods,and a higher initial nucleation density leads to highly smooth UNCD films.When the silicon substrate was pretreated by a two-step method,i.e.,plasma treatment followed by ultrasonic vibration with diamond nanopowder,the grain size of the UNCD films was greatly decreased:about 7.5 nm can be achieved.In addition,the grain size of UNCD films depends on the substrate pretreatment methods and roughness,which indicates that the surface of substrate profile has a "genetic characteristic".展开更多
Studies have shown that cerebral ischemia activates neurogenesis and that stress inhibits neurogenesis. However, the role of stress hormone levels on neurogenesis following cerebral ischemia remains poorly understood....Studies have shown that cerebral ischemia activates neurogenesis and that stress inhibits neurogenesis. However, the role of stress hormone levels on neurogenesis following cerebral ischemia remains poorly understood. The present study explored the possible regulatory mechanisms of adult neurogenesis under pathological conditions by examining changes and regulation of glucocorticoid receptors in adult rats subjected to transient unilateral middle cerebral artery suture occlusion. Corticosterone levels gradually increased following middle cerebral artery occlusion, and the number of glucocorticoid receptor-positive cells decreased. The number of 5-bromodeoxyuridine- and nestin-positive cells significantly increased at 1 and 2 weeks after ischemia. A large number of doublecortin-positive cells migrated from the hippocampus to the cortex. At 3 weeks post-surgery, the number of 5-bromodeoxyuridine- and nestin-positive cells significantly reduced in the subventricular zone. Increased corticosterone levels decreased vascular endothelial cell proliferation and neurogenesis, and the number of glucocorticoid receptor-positive cells decreased. In the sham surgery group, vascular endothelial cell proliferation related to post-ischemic cerebral rehabilitation was not detected. Corticosterone levels increased, but the number and distribution of glucocorticoid receptor-positive cells were not changed. However, normal neurogenesis and migration of neural stem cells existed in the adult rat brain in the sham surgery group. Results suggested that glucocorticoid receptors influenced neurogenesis and were negatively regulated by glucocorticoid levels following focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.展开更多
文摘Enforcing environmental laws and policies has been one of the pressing agenda globally.Despite the mandate given to the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)by the Act 490,there are still numerous environmental issues unaddressed in Ghana.This paper is geared towards unravelling and identifying the current additions that have been made to existing literature on environmental laws and policies in Ghana.This paper made a wide-ranging general literature review to outline significant contributions concerning environmental laws and policies.Numerous environmental laws and policies were identified but have been fragmented and are not codified in a particular document.It is evident from the review of literature existing that there are still areas for advanced research on the topic of environmental laws and policies placing more emphasis on institution concerned with environmental issues at global level.The study recommended the need for capacity building for environmental personnel and data due to the numerous technological advancement to better assist the implementation and enforcement of environmental laws in Ghana.
文摘Over the past forty years of reform and opening-up,China has experienced vigorous development of Intellectual Property Law.During this period,it has successively enacted and promulgated a range of basic laws,among which are the Trademark Law of the PRC,the Patent Law of the PRC,the Copyright Law of the PRC and the AntiUnfair Competition Law of the PRC; and many other related laws and regulations,such as the Regulations of the PRC on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants,Regulations on Protection of Integrated Circuit Layout Design and Provisions on the Protection of Geographical Indication Products.In this way,China has gradually established a relatively sound and complete intellectual property law system.Since the beginning of reform and opening-up,China's practice of intellectual property legislation has adhered to its institutional positioning of being subject to its civil law,safeguarding effective market competition and ensuring the implementation of national strategies.It has followed the development rules of relying on scientific & technological progress,targeting economic and social development and adjusting public policies for guiding purposes.Thanks to this,China has formed multiple coordinating mechanisms to settle conflicts of interests between the protection of intellectual property rights(IPR) and the protection of basic human rights,public health,genetic resources,traditional knowledge,etc.In the future development of China's intellectual property law,a trend of codification will emerge,which will primarily "include intellectual property law in the civil code" or "enact an intellectual property code." The modernization of China's Intellectual Property Law will be manifested in the changes of the defining standard of Intellectual Property Rights(IPR)subjects,the utilization patterns of IPR objects and the protection models of intellectual property.This internationalization will center on creating a new order for international IPR protection.
文摘Waters off the coasts of West Africa are very rich with many different types of fish and marine life.Some species like sardines,tuna,mackerel,tilapia and shrimps are important to many local communities and economies in West Africa.However,the current overfishing of these fish affects the sustainability of fishery industry.Despite Ghana ratifying to a number of international marine laws to ensure a sustainable marine fishing,there seem to be some challenges that are associated with marine fishing in Ghana.This paper further examines the strategies that have been employed by the fishing community and the fisheries ministry in Ghana as a response to restrictive measures for the challenges identified and discussed in literature.This paper is fundamentally an extensive review of marine fisheries literature.In general terms,it was found that,Ghana has ratified to a number of international marine laws including the UNCLOS.
基金This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30872175,No.81573236).
文摘The high rate of relapse among heroin users remains a significant public concern in China. In the present study, we utilized a Motivation-Skill-Desensitization-Mental Energy (MSDE) intervention and evaluated its effects on abstinence and mental health. Eighty-nine male heroin users in a drug rehabilitation center were enrolled in the study. The participants in the MSDE intervention group (n=46) received MSDE intervention, which included motivational interviewing, coping skills training, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and mindfulness-based psychotherapy. The participants in the control group (h=43) received a series of lectures on skills training. A significant increase in Contemplation Ladder score (P<0.001) and decreases in scores on the Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale (P<0.001), Beck Depression Inventory (P<0.001), and Aggression Questionnaire (P=O.O33) were found immediately after intervention. Compared to the control group, the MSDE intervention group reported significantly higher abstinence rates (P=0.027) and retention rates (P<0.001) at follow-up. Overall, the MSDE intervention, which uses a combined strategy for relapse prevention, could be a promising approach for preventing relapse among heroin users in China.
基金supported by the Humanities and Social Science project of Ministry of Education of China[Grant Number:16YJA790036]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant Number:71503272]
文摘This paper first constructed a system to evaluate the innovation efficiency of industrial companies within China's Mainland.Then,a principal component analysis(PCA) was performed to these indicators for dimensionality reduction,so as to figure out the technology innovation efficiency in these two phases,respectively.Finally,the overall efficiency of industrial companies in different regions was estimated and factorized via data envelopment analysis(DEA).The results showed that:(1)the efficiency of green technology innovation of industrial companies in China was relatively low as a whole,which mainly resulted from pure technical efficiency(PTE).Further,this huge gap continues to expand in these regions.And both PTE and scale efficiency(SE) in central and western regions leave much to be expected.(2)In the first phase of green technology development,when environmental factors were concerned,the efficiency was much lower than that without environmental considerations.Besides,the central and western regions were facing increasingly severe environmental problems,and there was a wide disparity in technology development efficiency among eastern,central,and western regions.(3)In the second phase of green technology commercialization,there were still more rooms for improvement in raising the efficiency of green technology innovation,and the efficiency in eastern,central,and western regions was ranked from highest to lowest.(4)Liaoning,Hebei,Heilongjiang,Xinjiang,Shanxi,Inner Mongolia,Yunnan,and Qinghai should focus on improving their technology;Jilin,Jiangxi,Anhui,and Guangxi should make their efforts to reduce resource redundancy;whereas Ningxia and Gansu should try to solve the above two issues.
文摘In the analysis of how environmental regulation affects the comparative advantage of trade,existing literature ignores industry's inherent heterogeneity, which draws remarkably different conclusions. In view of this, the paper analyzed the mechanism of environmental regulation on the export quality of different industries from the perspective of factor input structure heterogeneity. Based on the panel data of China's manufacturing industry, the paper used the system generalized method of moments method to examine the heterogeneity influence of environmental regulation on manufacturing export quality. The study found that, first, environmental regulation affected the export quality upgrade of the manufacturing sector through offset effect and compensation effect, and the direction of the impact would mainly depend on the industry's factor input structure. Second, for industries with larger fixed-asset investment(FAI) ratio in the factor input structure, the current environmental regulation policy was not conducive to the export quality upgrading of the industries. However, there was a significant U-shaped dynamic relationship between them. As environmental regulations became stricter, when regulatory stringency went beyond the inflection point, the policy would promote the upgrading of export quality. But for industries with smaller proportion of FAI, environmental regulation exerted a favorable impact on the export quality upgrade, following a J-shaped marginal growth curve.Third, for industries with different factor input structure, their export quality had been effectively upgraded as expected by factors like human capital investment, independent R&D, technology introduction, and foreign direct investment; but raising per capita capital stock and expanding enterprise size did not produce significant direct impact on export quality upgrade. These conclusions remained robust after using different measurement methods and replacing with other variables. Therefore, this paper suggests that governments should take industry heterogeneity into consideration and formulate differentiated hierarchical environmental policies.Besides, they should strengthen the enforcement of the current environmental regulation policies. By doing so, enterprises are forced to improve their technology and product quality so that they can better cope with rising compliance costs, eliminate backward industries, and resolve excess capacity. In this way, the economic structure would be transformed and upgraded from the supply side.
基金Sponsored by National Natural Science Fund of China(51178198)
文摘Since the 1970s,community gardens have played an important role in promoting the development of sustainable communities and improving urban environments in the United States. Despite the popularity of spontaneous urban farming activities in China,community gardens have not caught on as an ecologically and socially sustainable urban development strategy. Based on a comparison of community garden development in China and the U.S.,the authors of this article fi nd that the development of community gardens in China will require close collaboration between city planning officials,real estate agencies,urban citizens,and landscape architects.
文摘Peasants' motivation and purpose for transferring land vary from time to time. Based on a survey of 10 villages in Jingshan county, Hubei province, this article finds that the specific forms of rural land transfer include active long-term transfer, passive long-term transfer and short-term transfer. Land transfer has an important impact on the stratification of the peasantry. Present institutional arrangements for land ignore the legitimate interests of migrant families and poor and weak villagers and therefore they hold different attitudes toward land tenure institutions than middle peasants do. Based on the conclusions of an empirical analysis, this article puts forward a series of policy recommendations aimed at protecting the land rights of poor and weak peasant households.
基金Projects(51178172,51308076,51408206,51578222)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(113049A)supported by the Ministry of Education of China
文摘Penicillium simplicissimum was cultured and preserved on the potato dextrose agar(PDA)medium.PDA-RBBR(Remazal Brilliant Blue R)medium was used for the screening of the strains,which is able to produce enzymes.After the mutation process in Penicillium simplicissimum induced by chemical reagent and ultraviolet radiation,a high laccase-producing strains Penicillium simplicissimum was obtained.When 5 m L diethyl sulfate(2%)was mixed along with 5 m L spore suspension for 30 min,chemical mutagenesis reached its best condition.And the optimum conditions of UV mutagenesis were that spore suspension was irradiated for 4 min under 15 W UV lamp at a distance of 30 cm.The highest activity of C_5E_4 strains was 4.80 U/g over 18%higher than the maximum laccase activity of original microorganism.Five generations of the mutant strains were cultured,and the laccase activity of the strains was measured.The result showed that C_5E_4 strains can product laccase of the five subcultures stably.
文摘Among all the emission reduction measures,carbon tax is recognized as the most effective way to protect our climate.That is why the Chinese government has recently taken it as a tax reform direction.In the current economic analysis,the design of carbon tax is mostly based on the target to maximize the efficiency.However,based on the theory of tax system optimization,we should also consider other policy objectives,such as equity,revenue and cost,and then balance different objectives to achieve the suboptimum reform of carbon tax system in China.
文摘Based on two dimensions of supply and demand,we use six indicators to establish a rural inclusive financial development index and evaluate the development of China's rural inclusive finance. We use spatial panel data model to examine the relationship between financial inclusion and rural poverty. Results show that:( i) both the rural inclusive finance and rural residents' per capita consumption present spatial clustering feature and show significant spatial correlation;( ii) the development of rural inclusive finance has significant spatial effect on poverty alleviation along time and space dimensions. In this study,the paper puts forward policy recommendations on strengthening the rural financial resources flow and constructing diversified rural inclusive financial system.
基金Supported by Development Report Project for Philosophy and Social Science of the Ministry of Education(11JBG006)Project of National Social Science Foundation(11CJY034)+1 种基金Project of Hubei Financial Research Center of Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Science of Colleges and Universities of Hubei Province(2011B003)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in 2013(20132013)
文摘On the basis of questionnaire survey in 54 natural villages of 22 cities( counties) in 6 central region provinces,this paper analyzed the willingness of rural land circulation and securitization and influencing factors with the aid of Logistic model and Multinomial Logit model.The study indicates that factors influencing willingness of rural land circulation and securitization mainly include land contract method,land circulation information and approaches,rights and interests of farmers infringed or not,policies of benefiting farmers,and non-agricultural skills. Finally,it came up with following pertinent policy recommendations:( 1) reforming and improving land contract methods;( 2)strengthening disclosure of land circulation information;( 3) reforming and improving land circulation approaches;( 4) strengthening protection of farmers' rights and interests in the process of land circulation;( 5) reinforcing and implementing policies benefiting farmers;( 6) cultivating and developing farmers' non-agricultural skills.
文摘How should international oil and gas enterprises realize energy transformation through green financial instrumentsØrsted located in Denmark is taken as an example to elaborate the methods with which international oil and gas enterprises realize energy transformation by green financial instruments.Ørsted has transformed from fossil energy to clean energy since 2009,and has now become a wind power giant in Denmark,with an annual income of DKK 67.8 billion(USD 9.8 billion).During the whole transformation process,the company comprehensively applied internal and external green financial instruments to assist the transformation.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11175137)the Research Fund of Wuhan Institute of Technology,China(No.11111051)
文摘The effects of different surface pretreatment methods on the nucleation and growth of ultra-nanocrystalline diamond(UNCD) films grown from focused microwave Ar/CH_4/H_2(argonrich) plasma were systematically studied.The surface roughness,nucleation density,microstructure,and crystallinity of the obtained UNCD films were characterized by atomic force microscope(AFM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and Raman spectroscopy.The results indicate that the nucleation enhancement was found to be sensitive to the different surface pretreatment methods,and a higher initial nucleation density leads to highly smooth UNCD films.When the silicon substrate was pretreated by a two-step method,i.e.,plasma treatment followed by ultrasonic vibration with diamond nanopowder,the grain size of the UNCD films was greatly decreased:about 7.5 nm can be achieved.In addition,the grain size of UNCD films depends on the substrate pretreatment methods and roughness,which indicates that the surface of substrate profile has a "genetic characteristic".
基金the Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry
文摘Studies have shown that cerebral ischemia activates neurogenesis and that stress inhibits neurogenesis. However, the role of stress hormone levels on neurogenesis following cerebral ischemia remains poorly understood. The present study explored the possible regulatory mechanisms of adult neurogenesis under pathological conditions by examining changes and regulation of glucocorticoid receptors in adult rats subjected to transient unilateral middle cerebral artery suture occlusion. Corticosterone levels gradually increased following middle cerebral artery occlusion, and the number of glucocorticoid receptor-positive cells decreased. The number of 5-bromodeoxyuridine- and nestin-positive cells significantly increased at 1 and 2 weeks after ischemia. A large number of doublecortin-positive cells migrated from the hippocampus to the cortex. At 3 weeks post-surgery, the number of 5-bromodeoxyuridine- and nestin-positive cells significantly reduced in the subventricular zone. Increased corticosterone levels decreased vascular endothelial cell proliferation and neurogenesis, and the number of glucocorticoid receptor-positive cells decreased. In the sham surgery group, vascular endothelial cell proliferation related to post-ischemic cerebral rehabilitation was not detected. Corticosterone levels increased, but the number and distribution of glucocorticoid receptor-positive cells were not changed. However, normal neurogenesis and migration of neural stem cells existed in the adult rat brain in the sham surgery group. Results suggested that glucocorticoid receptors influenced neurogenesis and were negatively regulated by glucocorticoid levels following focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.