2023年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖简介

2023年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予两位科学家Katalin Kariko和Drew Weissman,以表彰他们对于核苷碱基修饰的发现,从而使得开发针对新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)的有效mRNA疫苗成为可能。两位诺贝尔奖获得者的发现对于开发针对在2020年初开始流行的COVID-19的有效mRNA疫苗起到了至关重要的作用。他们的突破性发现从根本上改变了我们对mRNA如何与机体免疫系统相互作用的理解,获奖者在现代人类健康面临最大威胁之一的关键性时刻,为疫苗开发做出了前所未有的杰出贡献。

Bridging the gap between data mining and medical applications

Artificial Intelligence(AI)is one of the most promising and rapidly evolving fields in modern science.It is increasingly being applied to a wide range of domains,including medicine,where it holds enormous potential for improving patient care,reducing costs,and enhancing clinical decision-making.One area of AI that has shown great promise in the medical domain is data mining,which is the process of extracting useful information and knowledge from large data sets.

Necrotizing Fasciitis Secondary to Emphysematous Cholecystitis and Cholecystocutaneous Fistula: A Rare Case Report Presentation

Emphysematous cholecystitis is a rare subtype of acute cholecystitis characterized by the presence of gas in the gallbladder wall secondary to ischemia. Typically, this is a result of cystic artery vascular compromise with a concomitant infection from gas-forming organisms such as Clostridium species, Klebsiella species, or Escherichia coli. The mortality rate of acute emphysematous cholecystitis is 15% - 20% compared with 1.4% in uncomplicated acute cholecystitis. The subsequent development of a cholecystocutaneous fistula, an abnormal connection between the gallbladder and the skin, is also a rare complication of gallbladder disease. We describe a case of a 77-year-old male who presented with right flank necrotizing fasciitis which developed from a cholecystocutaneous fistula secondary to emphysematous cholecystitis. Once the necrotic tissues were adequately debrided, the large open wound was treated with negative pressure wound therapy with instillation (NPWT-i) utilizing hypochlorous acid (HOCL). The wound was closed with a split-thickness skin graft.

“中国式现代化新道路”的生动实践与重要支撑--“中国情景”城市群发展战略提升

中国特色的新型城镇化战略与城市群建设方略,为“中国式现代化新道路”提供了重要的实践支撑。迈向建设现代化国家新征程,必须科学把握“中国情景”城市群和区域一体化的发展规律及阶段性要求,坚持以新发展理念引领现代化经济体系和现代城市群与都市圈的建设,加快实现区域发展能级再提升,为服务构建新发展格局、破解区域发展不平衡不充分,以及在全球城市体系的创新链、价值链中实现地位跃升,提供可行的实践路径,书写以人为核心的新型城镇化道路的新篇章。

The Current Status of Physical Therapy in China

The current health system in China has evolved by embracing both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine. China is the only country in the world where the number of doctors is larger than the number of nurses but education programmes for other health professions like physical therapy have been slow to develop. In the case of physical therapy it was not until China won the bid for the Olympic Games that permission to establish the first physical therapy programme was granted. Since then China has undergone a period of rapid economic growth enabling many people to have a higher standard of living and improved health, but at the same time the country is faced with massive urbanization, industrialization, increasing environmental health threats, increased health disparities and an aging population. With the support of the Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine, an increased investment by the Government in public health and rehabilitation and engagement of international education experts, entry-level education programmes for physical therapy have started to develop and there are now nine which are modeled, at least to some extent, on the World Confederation for Physical Therapy's international guidelines. The paper explores the development of physical therapy education in China and discusses possible options for the way forward so that as the demand for physical therapy to service 1.4 billion people grows, the profession is prepared and the standards expected of the entrylevel physical therapist will not be compromised.

Mafic-Ultramafic Large Igneous Provinces （LIPs）： Importance of the Pre-Mesozolc record

Mafic-ultramafic magmatic provinces are termed Large Igneous Provinces （LIPs） if they are large （〉10^5 km^3）, are emplaced in a short duration （ca. 〈 5 myr） （or consist of short duration pulses）, and have intraplate characteristics （i.e. are not associated with normal plate boundary processes）. This category includes the classic continental flood basalts, oceanic plateaus, bimodal-rift （passive margin） related packages, but also those events, mainly of Phanerozoic-Proterozoic age, where the plumbing system of dykes, sills and layered intrusions has been exposed by erosion. In the Archean, LIPs may be represented by the greenstone belts of the tholeiite-komatiite association. Felsic magmatism is associated with many LIPs and indeed may be dominant in some cases. LIPs are associated with continental breakup, climatic change, extinction events, and major ore deposits especially of the Ni-Cu-PGE type. Continental LIPs occur on average every 20-30 myr since 2.6 Ga; the Archean record is too poorly preserved for generalizations. LIPs occur both as isolated single events （e.g., 2055 Ma Bushveld event）, as approximately coeval but widely separated events （e.g., 65 Ma Deccan and 62 Ma NAIP）, and as regional clusters associated with supercontinent breakup （e.g., the 830-750 Ma events associated with the breakup of the proposed supercontinent Rodinia）. The LIP record represents a key tool for constraining Proterozoic paleocontinental reconstructions.

H7N9 influenza-the laboratory presentations: A letter to editor

To the editor,1.Introduction to new H7N9 bird flu Influenza virus infection is an important group of respiratory infectious disease.Several groups of influenza viruses can cause human infections.However,in the recent years,there are many newly emerging influenza infections,which have never been previously seen in human.Crossing species from animal to human lead

Thoracic aorta thickness and histological changes with aging: an experimental rat model

The three main components of the media layer of the aorta are elastic fibers,collagen fibers and smooth muscle cells(SMC).[1]This layer’s elastic properties are major determinants of its biomechanics in health and disease states.[2,3]Age-related changes in such elastic properties are associated with altered hemodynamic parameters,such as systolic hypertension,[4,5]and end-organ damage,[6,7]and are thought to result from changes of its main components.

温州民居理水文化

温州地区的气候特征以及复杂的地形和水系条件,造就了温州民居独特的理水文化.文章将温州民居根据其所处地理条件区分为山地民居,谷口、平原和盆地民居,滨海民居和海岛民居四类,并从建筑形制、布局、梁架和外装修、小木装修、外饰面色彩等方面探讨了各类民居理水文化的特点和内涵.同时分析了温州民居理水文化的历史成因及其引发的哲学思考.

Flow and heat transfer of a nanofluid over a hyperbolically stretching sheet

This article explores the boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a viscous nanofluid bounded by a hyperbolically stretching sheet. Effects of Brownian and thermophoretic diffusions on heat transfer and concentration of nanoparticles are given due attention. The resulting nonlinear problems are computed for analytic and numerical solutions. The effects of Brownian motion and thermophoretic property are found to increase the temperature of the medium and reduce the heat transfer rate. The thermophoretic property thus enriches the concentration while the Brownian motion reduces the concentration of the nanoparticles in the fluid. Opposite effects of these properties are observed on the Sherwood number.

ZIka virus infection in Asia: reappraisal on phylogenetic data of Asian lineage

Zika virus infection becomes the important global problem in the present day. The worldwide distribution of the infection can be seen. The genetic epidemiology study shows that the infection has subgroups of outbreaks. The Asian lineage is an interesting group that can be seen in a wide area. In this short article, the authors reappraises on the phylogenetic data of Asian lineage. The study on period, distance and phylogenetic parameter differences among isolated from several countries in the Asia lineage group is done. Based on the present study, the time and place dimnensional analysis can show that the disease distribution should be mainly induced by the international traveling.

Commentary: “Ockham’s Razor” Doesn’t Apply to “Opioid” Overdose Death

Polysubstance Abuse (PSA) greatly complicates an attempt to implicate a single drug as sole cause of an overdose death. Since PSA now occurs in the majority of cases of drug overdoses, many or most overdose deaths are polysubstance overdose deaths. And since many of the substances involved in a polysubstance Overdose Death (POD) are Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants, many of which can cause overdose death themselves, or synergistically with opioids, it is somewhat puzzling that prescription opioids have been singled out as the cause of these deaths—without reference to PSA. This is particularly puzzling in light of the fact that the issues of PSA and POD have been recognized and discussed in the literature since at least the 1960’s and before. We therefore here consider the question: are we facing an “opioid” crisis or, instead, a “polysubstance crisis”? And we wonder if the issue has been over-simplified, to the detriment of the individuals affected, and to society more broadly. There is a need for an “agnostic” respiratory stimulant that can reverse polysubstance-induced respiratory depression.

Recent Advances in Smart Process Manufacturing

Smart process manufacturing is an integral and growing part of modern industrial engineering;it may be most readily characterized as a domain at the intersection of traditional manufacturing and modern, technologically intensive capabilities that address a dynamic and global market. It has long been a goal to reduce the operating cost of the manufacturing process, in addition to improving quality [1] and ensuring timely delivery (traditionally referred to as "quality, cost, delivery" (QCD) [2]). Although QCD has been an outstanding initiative and an evolving management approach for manufacturing industries, new, technologically intensive enablers such as the Internet of Things (IOT), big data analytics, the integration of cyber–physical systems (e.g., digital twins), the use of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality, and the potential for the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) [3] come together to make these goals achievable on shorter timescales, with greater reliability and flexibility. Product development innovation cycles are increasingly shorter as a result, allowing products to enter the marketplace faster and providing a competitive edge for early-adapting industries. What these technologies actually enable is the ability to efficiently analyze the manufacturing environment, optimize processes faster, and facilitate decision-making based on the accumulated information [4], hence reducing operating risks. This information may then be utilized through a robust enterprise resource planning (ERP) system to close the loop and progressively automate self-optimization of the manufacturing environment.

What Does the Trademark "Peter Rabbit" Protect:Revelation from the Judgement by the US Court and Trademark Trial and Appeal Board over Twenty Years Ago

'The series of Peter Rabbit's Stores was written and illustrated by American woman writer Beatrix Potter. '

The Impact of Discovery Education Digital Textbook Usage on Students＇ Achievements

Discovery Education digital textbook series help accelerating school districts＇ digital transition in different subjects for K-8 and high school classrooms and related services. We evaluated the impact of using Discovery Education digital textbooks on students＇ science, english and math achievement in a large school district in southwest United States.

Commentary: New Complications Make Treatment of “Opioid” Overdose Challenging

The “opioid crisis” has had a tremendous impact not only on its victims, but also on the practice of medicine, pain patients, and society in general. Unfortunately, efforts to “stem the tide” have not been successful at reducing overdose deaths. Counterbalancing the many ardent efforts to eliminate overdose deaths (such as the current widespread availability and use of opioid-receptor antagonists such as naloxone) is influx of the illicit fentanoids (i.e., fentanyl and analogs). In addition to their high-potency, the fentanoids differ in surprising ways from more “traditional” opioids such as morphine and heroin. This uniqueness contributes to a reduced effectiveness of opioid receptor antagonists in the treatment of opioid overdose. Further greatly complicating overdose treatment is polysubstance abuse (e.g., an opioid plus a benzodiazepine). The non-opioid in the combination is not responsive to an opioid-recep- tor antagonist, which imparts additional challenges. Thus, the new reality introduces complications that negatively impact efforts to reverse “opioid” overdose. New approaches to improve outcomes in individuals who experience respiratory depression due to fentanoid-induced or polysubstance-induced over- dose are needed. Approaches that harmonize with the new reality, perhaps something like a non-opioid “agnostic” pharmacologic ventilatory stimulant, would provide a welcome addition to the current choices.

Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Cattle Tail before and after the <i>Vaquejada</i>Race

The vaquejada race is a sport with animals which has the greatest socio-economic impact in Brazil and is responsible for generating an intense cultural and economic movement. However, this activity has been the subject of questions about well-being involving the environmental and mental comfort conditions offered to equine and cattle interactions. It is necessary to perform technical evaluations of the cattle involved on the basis of scientific study to better understand the processes of sport and, with this, promote their evolution on good welfare practices in the 21st century. Therefore, to test the hypothesis that the use of the official rules of the vaquejada where cattle use a protective harness on the tail protects the cattle’s tail from injuries in this region that compromise health. Before, during and after races, a study was developed that aimed to perform a general and radiological clinical evaluation in the proximal coccygeal region in cattle that ran in a modern cattle stall. Forty male bovines were evaluated (average: 2 year-old and 420 kg). Oxen were subjected to clinical and radiological examination before and after racing with official rules. Results of the clinical and radiological evaluations performed by veterinarians, did not observe clinical occurrences before and after the races in the 40 cattle evaluated. The increase in heart and respiratory rates was a reflection of temporary management stressors, as the animals returned to the feeding/rumination/interaction pattern after running in the rest pen. The radiographic findings in the tail, represented by the reduction of the intervertebral space and areas of subcutaneous radiolucency, suggest technical artifacts derived from the manipulation of the tail for proper positioning to perform the tests in the condition of retention in the corral. The partial fracture found by an evaluator showed signs of calcification and was accompanied by swelling in the soft tissue but without pain in the pre-run examination. It is concluded that the modern vaquejada race, which meets the official rules, is not related to the increase in lesions in the locomotor apparatus or other evaluated tissues, including the tail.

Extended Moral Responsibility for Kantian Agents

When two Kantian agents engage in inter-dependent transactions with one another, each agent has the responsibility to assure the morality of the other＇s maxim of action and means to implement the maxim. This proposition is proven to be a logical consequence of Kant＇s moral system and stated formally as the K-Completeness theorem. Transactions that satisfy the theorem are called ＂K-Complete.＂ The theorem is generalized to cover transactions with many agents. The paper then models multi-agent K-Complete transactions using mathematical graph theory and shows that such transactions are distinguished from Kant＇s kingdom of ends. Finally, the paper shows that the extended morality provides Kant＇s moral system with the resources to define an ethical community in such as the one in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason without the introduction of God and a church.

Current Concepts in Restorative Implant Dentistry

Patients today are increasingly aware of dental implants,and their expectations are for esthetically and functionally pleasing implant restorations that mimic natural teeth.This presentation will give both the experienced and novice practitioner a better understanding of how restorative implant dentistry has evolved.Treatment planning and restorative options for single implants,multiple implants and fully edentulous arches will be discussed,and the use of modern materials and CADCAM technology in fabricating the most contemporary fixed implant supported prostheses will be demonstrated.

巴西亚马孙阿马帕州境内两湖流域人发和环境样品中的汞

本文测定了巴西亚马孙阿马帕州两个相似湖泊中的沉积物、食鱼鱼以及湖区人发中的总汞量。这两个湖分别为:受采金矿区排放汞影响的Duas Boeas湖(DBL)和其北部15km处原始的Praeudba湖(PL)。在DBL沉积物中,纵剖面汞的含量范围为汞污染的发展进程提供了清晰的证据,并且发现DBL区鱼体和人发中汞的含量远远高于PL区。沉积物中的^(203)Hg甲基化速率及鱼体中甲基汞的比率,都显示出汞在两湖中具有较高的生物有效性。当地成年人每天平均食鱼量约为200g,而在DBL湖,95%的鱼样(样品数N=40)超过15ng Hg/g这一安全限。Hg在人发中平均含量为28μg/g(N=15),已在一个可引发神经中毒效应的水平上。然而,在未受污染的PL湖,汞含量也较高,在这里67%～100%(N=34)鱼类的汞含量超过安全限,87%的人发样品(N=15)高于10ng Ha/g。建议这两个区域的儿童和孕妇应吃非食鱼性的鱼类和/或小鱼类,对阿马帕沿海平原的其他区域也应开展汞含量水平的调查。