Isoforsythiaside confers neuroprotection against Alzheimer's disease by attenuating ferroptosis and neuroinflammation in vivo and in vitro

Ferroptosis and neuroinflammation contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease(AD). Isoforsythiaside(IFY)is a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa(Thunb.)Vahl that has been confirmed to improve the memory and cognitive abilities of APP/PS1 mice in our previous study. The purpose of this study was to explore the anti-ferroptosis and anti-neuroinflammatory properties of IFY-mediated neuroprotection. In APP/PS1 mice, erastin-damaged HT22 cells, and LPS-exposed BV2 cells, the neuroprotective effects against ferroptosis and neuroinflammation were investigated using immunohistochemistry, label-free proteomics, western blot, ELISA, MTT, fluorescence, and TEM. IFY alleviated the expression levels of NO, IL-6, and IL-1β in LPS-exposed BV2 cells and improved the morphology of mitochondria in erastin-damaged HT22 cells. Additionally, IFY upregulated the expression levels of GPX4, FTH, FTL, p-GSK-3β, Nrf2, and NQO1, and downregulated the expression of TFR1, DMT1, p-Fyn, GFAP, p-IKKα+β, p-IκBα, p-NF-κB, and pro-inflammatory factors in the brains of APP/PS1 mice and erastin-damaged HT22 cells. In conclusion, IFY inhibits ferroptosis and neuroinflammation in erastin-damaged HT22 cells and APP/PS1 mice, at least partially by regulating the activation of Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling. IFY may prevent ferroptosis and neuroinflammation in AD and provide a new treatment strategy for AD.

Healthy function and high valued utilization of edible fungi

Edible fungi are large fungi with high added value that can be utilized as resources.They are rich in high-quality protein,carbohydrate,various vitamins,mineral elements and other nutrients,and are characterized by high protein,low sugar,low fat and low cholesterol.In addition,edible fungi contain a variety of bioactive substances,such as polysaccharides,dietary fiber,steroids,polyphenols,and most of these compounds have antioxidant,anti-tumor and other physiological functions.This review comprehensively discusses the bioactive components and functional characteristics of edible fungi(such as antioxidant,anti-aging,hypolipidemic activities,etc.).Then the recent developments and prospect in the high-valued utilization of edible fungi are discussed and summarized.The objective of this review is to improve the understanding of health-promoting properties of edible fungi,and provide reference for the industrial production of edible fungi-based health products.

Determination of the available energy values and amino acid digestibility of Flammulina velutipes stem waste and its effects on carcass trait and meat quality fed to growing-finishing pigs

Background:Flammulina velutipes stem waste(FVS)is the by-product of mushroom industry.The objectives of this study were to determine the available energy and amino acid digestibility of FVS fed to pigs,and to evaluate the effects of dietary FVS inclusion on growth performance,biochemical profile of serum,fecal short chain fatty acid(SCFA)concentration,carcass traits,meat quality,intestinal morphology and microflora of pigs.In Exp.1,twelve crossbred barrows with initial body weight(IBW)of 37.48±4.31 kg were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments,including a corn basal diet and an experimental diet containing 24.35%FVS.In Exp.2,twelve barrows fitted with an ileal T-cannula(IBW:32.56±1.67 kg)were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments,which included a N-free diet and an experimental diet containing 40.0%FVS.In Exp.3,ninety growing pigs(IBW:63.98±6.89 kg)were allotted to 1 of 3 treatment diets for 63 d,including a basal diet and 2 experimental diets with 2.5%and 5%FVS,respectively.Results:The digestible energy(DE)and metabolizable energy(ME)of FVS were 4.58 and 4.06 MJ/kg on dry matter basis,respectively,and the standardized ileal digestibility(SID)of indispensable AAs ranged from 17.50%to 59.47%.Pigs fed diets with 2.5%FVS showed no difference on average daily gain(ADG)and gain to feed ratio(G/F).Although dietary 5%FVS inclusion impaired apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD)of organic matter and gross energy,it elevated the SCFA concentration(P≤0.04)in gut and antioxidant capacity in serum.In addition,dietary FVS inclusion depressed the backfat thickness(P=0.03)in pigs.The longissimus dorsi muscle of pigs fed FVS revealed higher n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration and optimized fatty acid composition.Dietary 2.5%FVS inclusion also improved the intestinal development and health by increasing the villius height to crypt depth ratio(V/C)in jejunum(P<0.01),and promoting microbial diversity and beneficial microbiota proliferation.Conclusions:It is feasible to include moderate content of FVS as an unconventional fiber ingredient in diet of growingfinishing pigs.

Effect of dietary supplementation on improvement of growth and immune function of broilers

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of a dietary supplement(MirigenTM),a fungal cell wall derivative product,as a new generation alternative to antibiotics,on the growth and the innate and adaptive immune functions in broilers from birth to 45 d of age. Newborn chicken were randomly assigned to one of three groups:G1(n=150) controls no supplement fed;G2(n=150) is fed with dietary supplement at a designed regular dose(0.5 %,weight of additive to food);G3(n=150) is fed with dietary supplement at double doses(1 %). All three groups were housed in the same conditions. Body weight and blood were taken on day 1,14,28 and 45. Medications used and costs/treatment were recorded for each group. The whole blood was used to purify heterophils for reactive oxygen species(ROS) generation and E coli killing abilities examination assays,and the serum samples were preserved in freezer for enzyme linked immunosorbent assays(ELISAs) to determine concentration of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β(MIP-1β),CD4/CD8,interferon-γ(IFN-γ), and titers of antibody against Newcastle disease virus(NDV). Group differences were analyzed using analysis of variance(ANOVA) algorithm(S-Plus). There was no significant birth weight difference in three groups. After 45 d growth,the dietary supplement treated groups had significantly higher body weight gain(BWG) with lower mortality rate if compared to the untreated control group(P<0.05). Their BWG and mortality rate were 2.23 kg and 10 % in G1(control group),2.89 kg and 2 % in G2(experimental group,0.5 % dose),and 2.77 kg and 1 % in G3(experimental group,1 % dose),respectively. Heterophil ROS generation in treated groups were markedly improved through the addition of dietary supplement in both regular and double doses to the diet(P< 0.05). The ability of heterophil to kill E coli was also significantly improved in dietary supplement treated groups(P<0.01). Comparing to control group,there was significantly higher serum IFN-γ concentration in treated groups(P<0.05) on day 45. The CD4/CD8 was also improved in treated groups(P<0.05). Newcastle di-sease is the most prevalent avian disease,and vaccination is an effective method to protect the animals from the virus infection. In our study,it is found G2 and G3 that fed with dietary supplement had higher antibody titers against NDV after vaccination(P<0.01) and the antibodies lasted longer. Results from this study demonstrated dietary supplement to broilers improved the immune capabilities of immune cells,which are vital to the establishment of immune response against pathogens,thereby,to improve chicken's health and growth and reduce medication cost in chicken farming.

Anti-colon cancer activity of water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from Gloeostereum incarnatum via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

The incidence rate of colon cancer ranks the third among malignant tumors worldwide.Gloeostereum incarnatum(GI),a fungus with homology of medicine and food,has multiple pharmacological activities.It was investigated in this study that the anti-colon cancer effect of polysaccharides purifi ed from GI(GIPS)in ApcMinC/Gpt mice(an in situ colon cancer mouse model).Eight-week administration with GIPS at doses of 30 or 90 mg/kg strongly inhibited tumor growth including the reduction on numbers and the suppression of the size without infl uencing the animals’body weight and organ functions.According to the proteomics performing by antibody array,among 308 detected cytokines,GIPS significantly regulated 89 of them.Compared with vehicle-treated mice,GIPS effectively reduced the levels of interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-4,IL-6,IL-17,IL-22,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-2,and enhanced the levels of IL-15 and IL-18 in serum and/or colon tissues,which suggested its anti-inflammation of GIPS.GIPS suppressed nuclear aggregation of β-catenin,affected the expression of WNT1 and related proteins,thereby regulated the activation of the Wnt signaling.Altogether,GIPS can inhibit the growth of colon cancer,at least partially,via inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

The numbers of fungi:contributions from traditional taxonomic studies and challenges of metabarcoding

The global diversity of fungi has been estimated using several different approaches.There is somewhere between 2–11 million estimated species,but the number of formally described taxa is around 150,000,a tiny fraction of the total.In this paper,we examine 12 ascomycete genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal species descriptions,and introduce new species in each genus.To highlight the importance of traditional morpho-molecular methods in publishing new species,we introduce novel taxa in 12 genera that are considered to have low species discovery.We discuss whether the species are likely to be rare or due to a lack of extensive sampling and classification.The genera are Apiospora,Bambusicola,Beltrania,Capronia,Distoseptispora,Endocalyx,Neocatenulostroma,Neodeightonia,Paraconiothyrium,Peroneutypa,Phaeoacremonium and Vanakripa.We discuss host-specificity in selected genera and compare the number of species epithets in each genus with the number of ITS(barcode)sequences deposited in GenBank and UNITE.We furthermore discuss the relationship between the divergence times of these genera with those of their hosts.We hypothesize whether there might be more species in these genera and discuss hosts and habitats that should be investigated for novel species discovery.

Fungal diversity notes 1387-1511:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa

This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 125 taxa from four phyla,ten classes,31 orders,69 families,92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated,demonstrating worldwide and geographic distri-bution.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera,69 new species,one new com-bination,one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions.Three new genera,Cylindrotorula(Torulaceae),Scolecoleotia(Leotiales genus incertae sedis)and Xenovaginatispora(Lindomycetaceae)are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies.Newly described species are Aspergillus lan-naensis,Cercophora dulciaquae,Cladophialophora aquatica,Coprinellus punjabensis,Cortinarius alutarius,C.mammil-latus,C.quercoflocculosus,Coryneum fagi,Cruentomycena uttarakhandina,Cryptocoryneum rosae,Cyathus uniperidiolus,Cylindrotorula indica,Diaporthe chamaeropicola,Didymella azollae,Diplodia alanphillipsii,Dothiora coronicola,Efibula rodriguezarmasiae,Erysiphe salicicola,Fusarium queenslandicum,Geastrum gorgonicum,G.hansagiense,Helicosporium sexualis,Helminthosporium chiangraiensis,Hongkongmyces kokensis,Hydrophilomyces hydraenae,Hygrocybe boertmannii,Hyphoderma australosetigerum,Hyphodontia yunnanensis,Khaleijomyces umikazeana,Laboulbenia divisa,Laboulbenia triarthronis,Laccaria populina,Lactarius pallidozonarius,Lepidosphaeria strobelii,Longipedicellata megafusiformis,Lophiotrema lincangensis,Marasmius benghalensis,M.jinfoshanensis,M.subtropicus,Mariannaea camelliae,Mel-anographium smilaxii,Microbotryum polycnemoides,Mimeomyces digitatus,Minutisphaera thailandensis,Mortierella solitaria,Mucor harpali,Nigrograna jinghongensis,Odontia huanrenensis,O.parvispina,Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii,Par-afuscosporella niloticus,Phaeocytostroma yomensis,Phaeoisaria synnematicus,Phanerochaete hainanensis,Pleopunctum thailandicum,Pleurotheciella dimorphospora,Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense,Pseudodactylaria albicolonia,Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora,Russula paravioleipes,Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi,Seriascoma honghense,Synandromyces makranczyi,Thyridaria aureobrunnea,Torula lancangjiangensis,Tubeufia longihelicospora,Wicklowia fusiformispora,Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora.One new combination,Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is pro-posed.A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated.New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fici,Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis,Camarosporidiella laburni,Canalisporium caribense,Chaetoscutula juniperi,Chlorophyllum demangei,C.globosum,C.hortense,Cladophialophora abundans,Dendryphion hydei,Diaporthe foeniculina,D.pseudophoenicicola,D.pyracanthae,Dictyosporium pandanicola,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Ernakula-mia tanakae,Eutypa flavovirens,E.lata,Favolus septatus,Fusarium atrovinosum,F.clavum,Helicosporium luteosporum,Hermatomyces nabanheensis,Hermatomyces sphaericoides,Longipedicellata aquatica,Lophiostoma caudata,L.clematidis-vitalbae,Lophiotrema hydei,L.neoarundinaria,Marasmiellus palmivorus,Megacapitula villosa,Micropsalliota globocys-tis,M.gracilis,Montagnula thailandica,Neohelicosporium irregulare,N.parisporum,Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum,Phaeoisaria aquatica,Poaceascoma taiwanense,Saproamanita manicata,Spegazzinia camelliae,Submersispora variabi-lis,Thyronectria caudata,T.mackenziei,Tubeufia chiangmaiensis,T.roseohelicospora,Vaginatispora nypae,Wicklowia submersa,Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis.The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens,coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.

Auricularia polytricha and Flammulina velutipes ameliorate inflammation and modulate the gut microbiota via regulation of NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathways on DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease

Flammulina velutipes and Auricularia polytricha are two popular dietary mushrooms,especially in the Northeast of China.They have revealed many pharmacological effects due to their bioactive compounds,but their possible mechanism of action involved in inflammation remains poorly known.Therefore,Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)which is a chronic disease and progressive inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract were used to evaluate their anti-inflammatory and modulatory properties on the intestinal microbiota via the signaling pathways involved by oral administration of F.velutipes(FVE)and A.polytricha(APE).Mice were daily received 3%DSS in the drinking water followed by the daily administration of FVE and APE.The food consumption,weight variation and DAI score were assessed during the experiment and inflammatory parameters,mRNA and protein expressions to determine the possible signaling pathways involved,and the gut microbiota from the cecum by high-throughput sequencing.Data showed that APE and FVE improved clinical symptoms,inflammatory cytokines and oxidative markers.They also attenuated the mRNA and proteins expressions in colon tissue.Moreover,APE and FVE regulated DSS-induced intestinal dysbiosis and stimulated the SCFAs production.Overall,APE and FVE could improve DSS-induced IBD in mice suggesting that they represent novels therapeutic drugs and could be used as prebiotic to modulate the gut microbiota and preserve intestinal integrity.

Fungal diversity notes 1277-1386:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa

This is the twelfth contribution to the Fungal Diversity Notes series on fungal taxonomy,based on materials collected from many countries which were examined and described using the methods of morphology,anatomy,and strain culture,combined with DNA sequence analyses.110 taxa are described and illustrated,including five new genera,92 new species,eight new combinations and other taxonomic contributions(one new sequenced species,one new host and three new records)which are accommodated in 40 families and 1 incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes.The new genera are Amyloceraceomyces,Catenuliconidia,Hansenopezia,Ionopezia and Magnopulchromyces.The new species are Amyloceraceomyces angustisporus,Amylocorticium ellipsosporum,Arthrinium sorghi,Catenuliconidia uniseptata,Clavulina sphaeropedunculata,Colletotrichum parthenocissicola,Coniothyrium triseptatum,Cortinarius indorusseus,C.paurigarhwalensis,C.sinensis,C.subsanguineus,C.xiaojinensis,Diaporthe pimpinel-lae,Dictyosporella guizhouensis,Diplodia torilicola,Fuscoporia marquesiana,F.semiarida,Hansenopezia decora,Helicoarcta-tus thailandicus,Hirsutella hongheensis,Humidicutis brunneovinacea,Lentaria gossypina,L.variabilis,Lycoperdon lahorense,L.pseudocurtisii,Magnopulchromyces scorpiophorus,Moelleriella gracilispora,Neodevriesia manglicola,Neodidymelliopsis salvia,N.urticae,Neoroussoella magnoliae,Neottiella gigaspora,Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis,Phaeotremella yunnanensis,Podosphaera yulii,Rigidoporus juniperinus,Rhodofomitopsis pseudofeei,Russula benghalensis,Scleroramularia vermispora,Scytinopogon minisporus,Sporormurispora paulsenii,Thaxteriellopsis obliqus,Tomentella asiae-orientalis,T.atrobadia,T.atrocastanea,T.aureomarginata,T.brevis,T.brunneoflava,T.brunneogrisea,T.capitatocystidiata,T.changbaiensis,T.citri-nocystidiata,T.coffeae,T.conclusa,T.cystidiata,T.dimidiata,T.duplexa,T.efibulata,T.efibulis,T.farinosa,T.flavidobadia,T.fuscocrustosa,T.fuscofarinosa,T.fuscogranulosa,T.fuscopelliculosa,T.globospora,T.gloeocystidiata,T.griseocastanea,T.griseofusca,T.griseomarginata,T.inconspicua,T.incrustata,T.interrupta,T.liaoningensis,T.longiaculeifera,T.longiechinuli,T.megaspora,T.olivacea,T.olivaceobrunnea,T.pallidobrunnea,T.pallidomarginata,T.parvispora,T.pertenuis,T.qingyuanensis,T.segregata,T.separata,T.stipitata,T.storea,Trichoderma ceratophylletum,Tyromyces minutulus,Umbelopsis heterosporus and Xylolentia reniformis.The new combinations are Antrodiella descendena,Chloridium macrocladum,Hansenopezia retrocurvata,Rhodofomitopsis monomitica,Rh.oleracea,Fuscoporia licnoides,F.scruposa and Ionopezia gerardii.A new sequenced species(Graphis supracola),one new host(Aplosporella prunicola)and three new geographical records(Golovinomyces monardae,Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum and Prosthemium betulinum),are reported.

Collembola associated with edible mushrooms in China

Collembola,a common pest of mushrooms,could reduce the yield and quantity of edible mushroom and causes great economic losses in their production.During the investigation of Collembola in the main edible mushroom production areas in China,27 species belonging to five families and 16 genera,hosted by more than ten species of edible mushrooms have been revealed by morphological and molecular evidence.The most diverse genus was the genus Ceratophysella with five species reported.Fourteen of the 27 species were distributed only in China,while others were widely distributed all over the world.Fifteen species on mushrooms have been barcoded;the results of the species delimitation by mitochondrial COI marker confirmed the results by morphology,with low intra-specific divergences(0-8%).Two Thalassaphorura species,with the only difference being in the presence of parapseudocelli on the anterior ventral head,were clearly differentiated by the molecular markers.

Appressorial interactions with host and their evolution

Fungi have evolved diverse strategies to acquire nutrients as endophytes,saprobes,symbionts,or pathogens.Appressoria have been intensively studied due to their importance in attaching and breaching the host surface.These specialized infection structures have evolved into various morpho-types:proto-appressoria,hyaline appressoria,melanized(dark)appressoria,and compound appressoria.In this review,we discuss the differences in the formation,differentiation,and function of appres-soria among fungi with diverse life strategies.Using DNA sequence information,LSU,5.8S,SSU and rpb2 gene fragments,we reconstructed the ancestral states for appressorial types in the main phyla of fungi and fungus-like organisms and found that the hyaline appressoria was the most ancestral form.Our analysis estimated proto-appressoria diversification during the Mesozoic period(92-239 million years ago),however,its origin remains inconclusive.Our data suggest that these hyaline appressoria diversified into melanized or compound appressoria,with evidence of adaptive radiation.

Investigating species boundaries in Colletotrichum

Colletotrichum is one of the most important plant pathogenic genera that is responsible for numerous diseases which can have a profound impact on the agricultural sector.Species delineation is difficult due to a lack of distinctive phenotypic vari-ation.Therefore,in this study three different genomic approaches based on phylogenetic,evolutionary and coalescent-based methods are applied to establish robust species boundaries.The reliability of five different DNA barcodes was also assessed to provide further insights into species delineation.The ITS region can resolve the placement of taxa up to the species complex level.The GAPDH and TUB2 markers are determined to be the most informative for most complexes.However,no single marker could discriminate between species in all complexes,therefore different molecular approaches based on multi-locus datasets are recommended.This is the first study to provide an estimated divergence time for all species complexes in Colle-totrichum.The estimated divergence time for species complexes ranged between 4.8 to 32.2 MYA.Based on the high level of congruent results obtained from the different molecular approaches,a new species complex,the Colletotrichum agaves complex is introduced.This complex consists of five taxa which are characterised by the presence of straight or slightly curved conidia with obtuse apices.This study shows that coalescent approaches and multi-locus phylogeny are crucial to establish species boundaries in Colletotrichum.The taxonomic placement of three singleton taxa Colletotrichum axonopodi,C.cariniferi and C.parallelophorum is revised.We accept 248 species and provide recommendations regarding species boundaries in the graminicola-caudatum complex.