Drift DetectionMethod Using DistanceMeasures and Windowing Schemes for Sentiment Classification

Textual data streams have been extensively used in practical applications where consumers of online products have expressed their views regarding online products.Due to changes in data distribution,commonly referred to as concept drift,mining this data stream is a challenging problem for researchers.The majority of the existing drift detection techniques are based on classification errors,which have higher probabilities of false-positive or missed detections.To improve classification accuracy,there is a need to develop more intuitive detection techniques that can identify a great number of drifts in the data streams.This paper presents an adaptive unsupervised learning technique,an ensemble classifier based on drift detection for opinion mining and sentiment classification.To improve classification performance,this approach uses four different dissimilarity measures to determine the degree of concept drifts in the data stream.Whenever a drift is detected,the proposed method builds and adds a new classifier to the ensemble.To add a new classifier,the total number of classifiers in the ensemble is first checked if the limit is exceeded before the classifier with the least weight is removed from the ensemble.To this end,a weighting mechanism is used to calculate the weight of each classifier,which decides the contribution of each classifier in the final classification results.Several experiments were conducted on real-world datasets and the resultswere evaluated on the false positive rate,miss detection rate,and accuracy measures.The proposed method is also compared with the state-of-the-art methods,which include DDM,EDDM,and PageHinkley with support vector machine(SVM)and Naive Bayes classifiers that are frequently used in concept drift detection studies.In all cases,the results show the efficiency of our proposed method.

Organic Carbon (OC) and Organic Matter (OM) in Sediments Collected from Two Wetlands in Central Bida Basin, Nigeria

An improvised auger sediment sampler was used to collect sediments at shallow depths from two wetlands in the Northern Bida Basin for laboratory studies in order to ascertain the impact on the chemical quality of groundwater within these two studied locations. The dissolved organic carbon content of water is an important component of the geochemical cycling of elements capable of affecting groundwater quality. The sediments which serve as a conduit and pathways for the elements’ transport depending on the characteristics of the particle sizes are to be considered in the evaluation of contaminant mobility within the pathways. Representative cored sediment samples were collected and their particle size characterization and chemical analysis for Organic Matter (OM), Organic Carbon (OC) and Moisture Content (MC) were carried out. The hydrometer results show that the sediment particle sizes are in the order of sand > clay > silt in both locations with few exceptions. This represents the geology of the area (sandstone). The Mean values of 1.14% and 1.98% of OC and OM respectively were recorded in the sediment samples collected in parts of Ebgako. In contrast, 1.72% and 2.97% mean values were recorded in sediments collected in part of Bida for OC and OM respectively. The values of the OC and OM in the sediments from the two wetlands are low and may have been dissolved along the groundwater pathways to the aquifer. Other physicochemical parameters analysed in the sediments showed poor correlation. OM and OC were strongly positively correlated and showed an R2 value of 1 and 0.9 respectively for parts of the Bida and Egbako sheets. There is low acidity of the sediments from the two study locations with a mean pH value of 5.64 and 5.13 respectively for Egbako and Bida. The low acidic nature of the sediments and the OM and OC composition have the potential to influence biogeochemical processes in the sediments and can affect the chemical quality of the groundwater in these two study locations.

Source, Contamination Assessment and Risk Evaluation of Heavy Metals in the Stream Sediments of Rivers around Olode Area SW, Nigeria

In order to investigate the source,contamination,and risk of heavy metals such as Pb,Zn,Cu,Ni,Co,Fe,Mn,and Cr,twelve(12)stream sediments and ten(10)rock samples were collected from pegmatite mining sites at Olode and its environs inside Ibadan,Southwestern Nigeria.The average values and order of abundance obtained followed the pattern:Mn(595.09)>Ba(80)>Cr(50.82)>V(45.09)>Zn(29.73)>Cu(13.82)>Co(13.82)>Sr(10.46)>Ni(9.73)>Pb(9.09)>Fe(1.59).These were greater than the background values,indicating that mining has a negative impact on the study area,as indicated by the high coefficient of variation and correlation values(>0.6)for Copper-Lead(0.929),Copper-Vanadium(0.970),Copper-Chromium(0.815),Lead-Vanadium(0.884),and others.On the basis of the enrichment factor(EF),the Olode sediments show extremely high enrichment for Mn and Ba in the research region.Cu and Ni are most likely to blame for the elevated contamination levels,according to CF values.The degree of contamination(CD),pollution load index(PLI),pollution index(PI),and modified pollution index(MPI)all revealed high levels of contamination in all stream sediment samples,whereas Igeo shows that the Olode stream sediments are“practically uncontaminated to extremely contaminated by Ni,Co,and Mn”.Ni and Cu are the major regulating factors that are most likely causing the possible Eri.As a result,these findings give important information for conducting appropriate ecological management research.

Sero-Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) among High Risk Groups in Abuja, Nigeria

Measurement of HIV prevalence among the general population as well as among specific sub-groups who are at high risk of infection is crucial for planning and for providing health care for those who are infected. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of HIV-1 infection among high risk groups in Abuja. The testing for the presence of HIV antibodies was carried out using Determine®HIV-1/2 Test Cards (Inverness Medical, Japan), UnigoldTM kit (Trinity Biotech, Ireland) and Stat Pak®HIV-1/2 (Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Inc. USA). A total of 1587 high risk persons were screened for HIV-1, 739 (46.6%) were males while 848 (53.4%) were females. 261 (16.4%) tested HIV-1 positive, out of which 74 (5.3%) were males and 190 (11.1%) were females. This study indicates that the incidence of HIV-1 is higher among the females. Prevalence is higher within the age range of 26 - 30 years (5.17%) and highest prevalence was observed within the age range of 31 - 35 years in males (1.32%) and of 26 - 30 years in females (3.91%). Commercial sex workers had the highest prevalence of HIV-1 (7.01%), while Commercial Motorcyclists had the least (2.02%) (p ≤ 0.05). This study has shown that there are local sub-epidemics of HIV infection in Abuja.

Mineral Resource Extractive Activities in Nigeria: Communities Also Matter!

Poor management of land resources creates environmental problems such as land degradation, soil erosion and pollution, as well as serious social and economic tensions. Mineral extraction, production, refining and distribution have immediate impact on the environments and their host communities. Nigeria being an extractive economy with numerous cases of defiance by the host communities on the mining operating companies, a number of ways for advancing dealings with communities can be drawn to inform broader community dialogue in the extractive economy of Nigeria and countries with similar situations. This paper used information from secondary sources to demonstrate the importance of accommodating host communities as stakeholders. The paper establishes the various roles played by mining stakeholders and how their involvements have changed overtime in terms of scale. Options were drawn for improving the current state of Nigerian mining communities and suggestions were made on avoiding future host community conflict (typically existing in the oil region of the country). The paper recommends that the recognition of communities as stakeholders is crucial in developing Nigeria’s non-oil sector.

An Investigation of the Impact of Installation of Cd-Lined Irradiation Channel in NIRR-1 on Core Physics Data for ENAA

Prior to the installation of the Cd-liner in one of the large outer irradiation channels of NIRR-1, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed using MCNP5 version 1.4 code. This was done to investigate the effect of installation of Cd-liner in either an inner or outer irradiation channel on reactor physics parameters. Data obtained indicate that the core excess reactivity in both inner and outer irradiations channels is reduced by 3.60 ± 0.07 mk and 0.64 ± 0.06 mk, respectively. Considering the fact that NIRR-1 has a cold core excess reactivity of 3.77 mk, results obtained show that installation of the 1 mm thick Cd-sheet in one of the large outer irradiation channels would have no significant impact on the core physics data. After installation of a 1 mm Cd sheath in a large outer irradiation channel, the neutron flux distribution and the stability in the irradiation channels were monitored by foil activation method. Results indicate that the uniformity of neutron flux distribution in the irradiation channel is preserved and the neutron flux data were found to be comparable with the data obtained before the installation.

Calibration of the High Purity Germanium Gamma-Ray Spectrometer in CERT, ABU Zaria, Nigeria

Gamma-ray spectrometry is a very powerful tool for radioactivity measurements. The gamma-ray spectrometer laboratory in Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria is accredited to perform measurements of radioactive content of samples collected from the environment, food chain or industrial products with the aid of a high resolution HPGe detector. For accurate gamma-ray spectrometry, certain measurements were considered;the efficiency of the detector was performed experimentally against energies within the range of 59.50 keV (241Am) to 2204.50 keV (226Ra) for the respective geometries of 1 - 6 cm. The sustained solid angle relations with respect to the inverse square of sample geometries from 1 - 6 cm were evaluated. Another main point of this work was focused on the efficiency at geometry of 5 cm with respect to the three selected energies: 661.60 keV (137Cs), 1173.2 keV (60Co) and 1332 keV (60Co) for the main axis, ten degree off main axis, forty five degree off main axis and ninety degree off the detector main axis. In order to verify optimum geometries in our laboratory for both short lived and long lived radionuclides analyses, the evaluation of efficiencies for the respective energies: 1173.2 keV (60Co), 1332.5 keV (60Co), 1764 keV (226Ra) and 2294 keV (226Ra) were plotted against geometries of 1 to 6 cm from the detector end cap along the main axis.

Molecular Characterization of Some Amylolytic Srains of Bacteria Isolated from Peels and Soils from Two Cassava Dumpsites

Samples of peels and soils from cassava waste sites were collected from cassava processing factory in Oyo town, Oyo State and also a dumpsite in Alaya village, Aiyedire local government, Osun State, Nigeria. Bacterial isolation was carried out using the pour plate method to obtain amylolytic bacterial species capable of hydrolyzing starch. Fourteen bacterial isolates that were most responsive to starch hydrolysis were selected from both sampling sites for molecular investigations. DNA of the isolates was extracted and subjected to a cocktail mix and condition for PCR which was purified using two universal primers and afterwards the PCR product was used for the polymorphism through electrophoresis. Bacterial isolates were identified based on their genetic sequences and results showed Bacillus subtilis (21.44%) to be the most frequently occurring specie. There was the prevalence of two similar strains Bacillus subtilis MML2483 and B. subtilis MML2411 which was isolated from the different sampling sites. Some other bacterial strains included Bacillus olivae BRB18, B. licheniformis HT-26-B1, B. cereus H17, B. safensis MS40, B. pumilus

ARTICLE Petrographic and Mineralisation Potentials of Precambrian Pegmatities and Associated Rock Units of Olode Area,Southwestern Nigeria

The geology of the Olode area, south-western Nigeria was investigatedpetrographically and geochemically in order to elucidate the mineralisationpotential of the rock units in the area. The area under study is generallychange to underlained by granite gneiss, mica schist and pegmatites.Petrographical studies indicated prevalence of anhedral quartz (30 - 50%),plagioclase (14 - 20%), orthoclase (12 - 15%), muscovite (11 - 15%),tourmaline (6 - 10) and other minerals (8 - 11%) for the pegmatite. Thehigh value of SiO2 and Al2O3 is consistent with the petrographical study.High values and wide range in Ba (34 - 737 ppm) and Zr (3.8 - 132.6 ppm)strongly support a mixture of igneous and sedimentary. The bivariant plotsof Rb vs K/Rb, Zn vs K/Rb and Th vs K/Rb indicated a partial series offractionation, suggesting that the pegmatites are of rare element classeswhile granite gneiss and mica schist belong to the barren muscovite andrare element classes. This was supported by high ratios of K/Cs and K/Babut low Th/U values indicating distinctively low rare metal mineralization.The plot of Na2O/Al2O3 vs K2O/Al2O3 revealed an igneous precursor for allthe rock units. The negative Eu anomalies especially in the pegmatitic rockunit indicates fractionation and point toward a late metasomatic effect andtheir relatively weak negative Ce anomalies, also suggest their rare metalmineralization. The pegmatites, granite gneiss and mica schist of Olodearea considered as barren as all the samples plotted below the Gordiyenkosand Beus’ line of mineralization.

Impact of Climate Variability on Reservoir Based Hydro-power Generation in Jebba Dam, Niger State, Nigeria

2021 This study examined impact of climate variability on reservoir-based hydro-power-generation in Jebba dam,Niger State of Nigeria.Data of rainfall,temperature,evaporation,reservoir inflow and outflow and power output for thirty-one years were obtained from Jebba Hydropower Station[JHP].The Man-Kendall and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient(PPMCC)were used to establish the influence of weather parameters on the reservoir inflow and outflow.Findings showed increased electricity generation during dry season than wet season.The highest annual mean amount of the electricity generated was in 2016 having mean of 689.12 mwh,dry season(352.26 mwh)and wet season(336.86 mwh).Reservoir inflow showed a negative trend with severe fluctuations in 1998(1436.42 M3/Sec),1999(1581.08 M3/Sec)and 2010(1641.08 M3/Sec)with a steady increase in 2016(1556.0042 M3/Sec),2017(1556.4242 M3/Sec)and 2018(1635.7542 M3/Sec).The reservoir outflow pattern showed tremendous and negative trend in fluctuation with increase in 1998(1421.75 M3/Sec)1999(1581.58 M3/Sec)and 2010(1641.16 M3/Sec)and a steady increase in 2016(1535.00 M3/Sec),20171558.83 M3/Sec and 2018(1632.00 M3/Sec).Thus,rainfall and reservoir inflow had strong relationships with the amount of power generated than temperature and evaporation.Therefore,the government should increase the water carrying capacity of the reservoir construction by storing water to be used during dry periods.

Mapping Vehicular Noise Pollution in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria: Implication for a Sustainable Urbanization

This study aims to investigate geo-referenced vehicular noise pollution in the Port Harcourt metropolis of Rivers State,Nigeria.Three types of data were gathered for this study.Data from vehicular traffic noise were measured in decibels(dB)using Noise Dosimeter(ND);data from vehicular traffic counts were carried out by observing and counting traffic flow at junctions and roundabouts as well as vehicular traffic noise location map was established by using Global Positioning System(GPS)instrument processed in the Geographic Information System(GIS)environment.The findings indicated that in the northern segment,Igwurita(99.5 dB)and New road roundabout(96 dB),generated the highest vehicular noise in the spatial distribution.In the eastern road segments,Eleme Flyover(98.1 dB)and Artillery Junction(95.5 dB)contributed the highest vehicular noise levels.In the northern segment,New Road(2311 vehicles)and Igwuruta(1566 vehicles)at the roundabouts,generated the highest vehicular traffic counts in the spatial distribution.Thus,among the eastern roads,Eleme Flyover(6735 vehicles)and Artillery Junction(5539 vehicles)contributed the highest vehicular counts in the area.The results showed that the northern and eastern segments of the Port Harcourt metropolis had the highest level of vehicular traffic noise and traffic flow.Thus,the vehicular noise level values have exceeded the recommended 75 dB national and international health standards.The study recommended the construction of more road networks in the southern and western parts of the Port Harcourt metropolis to decongest traffic flow and noise pollution in the northern and eastern segments of the city.

A Novel Insertion Solution for the Travelling Salesman Problem

The studypresents theHalfMax InsertionHeuristic (HMIH) as a novel approach to solving theTravelling SalesmanProblem (TSP). The goal is to outperform existing techniques such as the Farthest Insertion Heuristic (FIH) andNearest Neighbour Heuristic (NNH). The paper discusses the limitations of current construction tour heuristics,focusing particularly on the significant margin of error in FIH. It then proposes HMIH as an alternative thatminimizes the increase in tour distance and includes more nodes. HMIH improves tour quality by starting withan initial tour consisting of a ‘minimum’ polygon and iteratively adding nodes using our novel Half Max routine.The paper thoroughly examines and compares HMIH with FIH and NNH via rigorous testing on standard TSPbenchmarks. The results indicate that HMIH consistently delivers superior performance, particularly with respectto tour cost and computational efficiency. HMIH’s tours were sometimes 16% shorter than those generated by FIHand NNH, showcasing its potential and value as a novel benchmark for TSP solutions. The study used statisticalmethods, including Friedman’s Non-parametric Test, to validate the performance of HMIH over FIH and NNH.This guarantees that the identified advantages are statistically significant and consistent in various situations. Thiscomprehensive analysis emphasizes the reliability and efficiency of the heuristic, making a compelling case for itsuse in solving TSP issues. The research shows that, in general, HMIH fared better than FIH in all cases studied,except for a few instances (pr439, eil51, and eil101) where FIH either performed equally or slightly better thanHMIH. HMIH’s efficiency is shown by its improvements in error percentage (δ) and goodness values (g) comparedto FIH and NNH. In the att48 instance, HMIH had an error rate of 6.3%, whereas FIH had 14.6% and NNH had20.9%, indicating that HMIH was closer to the optimal solution. HMIH consistently showed superior performanceacross many benchmarks, with lower percentage error and higher goodness values, suggesting a closer match tothe optimal tour costs. This study substantially contributes to combinatorial optimization by enhancing currentinsertion algorithms and presenting a more efficient solution for the Travelling Salesman Problem. It also createsnew possibilities for progress in heuristic design and optimization methodologies.

Sedimentology and foraminiferal paleoecology of the exposed Oligocene-Miocene Ogwashi-Asaba Formation in Issele-Uku area,Anambra Basin,southern Nigeria:A paleoenvironmental reconstruction

Sedimentological and foraminiferal paleoecological studies were carried out for the Oligocene-Miocene Ogwashi-Asaba Formation of the Anambra Basin at the Issele-Uku area in southern Nigeria,to reconstruct paleoenvironments.The pattern of rock successions and textural characteristics suggest the prevalence of fluvio-deltaic setting during the formation of lignites and clastic rocks of Ogwashi-Asaba Formation.Agglutinated benthic foraminiferal species such as Ammotium sp.,Textularia sp.,Gavelinella sp.,Milliamina sp.,Reophax sp.,Bolivina sp.,Eponides sp.,Pseudobolivina sp.and Lenticulina sp.dominate the shale units whereas the planktonic forms are absent.All these species have very low population and diversity in the shales,which could be due to the presence of harsh conditions such as low oxygen level and scarcity of food,leading to poor survival.The assessments of benthic foraminifera's habitat suggest middle-to-inner neritic marine environment for the shales.Granulometric results suggest fluvial environment for the sandstone and deltaic for the lignite.The Ogwashi-Asaba Formation in Issele-Uku area of Anambra Basin,southern Nigeria,therefore,have records of shallow marine,and fluvio-deltaic paleoenvironments.

Phytochemical screening and GC-MS determination of bioactive constituents from methanol leaf extract of Senna occidentalis

Objective:To identify the active ingredients presented in methanol extract of Senna occidentalis(S.occidentalis).Methods:Dried powdered leaves of S.occidentalis were extracted with methanol by Soxhlet extraction and the extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening by using standard procedure and methods.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS)analysis was performed by comprising a GC-MS(model:QP2010 Plus Shimadzu,Japan)comprising an AOC-20i auto-sampler and gas-chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer.Results:The phytochemical study revealed the presence of tannins,alkaloids,glycoside,flavonoids,steroids,saponins,anthraquinones and phlobatannins while cardiac glycoside was not detected.GC-MS chromatogram showed nine peaks.A total of 31 compounds were identified when the mass spectra of the constituents was compared with the National Institute Standard and Technology library.The first compounds identified with less retention time(15.929 s)were n-hexadecanoic acid,octadecanoic acid and pentadecanoic acid while decanoic acid,decyl ester,ether,octadecyl vinyl,oleic acid,hexyl ester,stearic acid,octadecyl ester and decyl fluoride took the longest retention time(20.600 s)for identification.Conclusions:The presence of these compounds in the plant extract may at least be responsible for one of the pharmacological properties of S.occidentalis and thus could be of considerable interest to the development of new drugs.

Effects of herbal plants (Zingiber officinale and Hibiscus sabdariffa) as dietary additives on serum biochemistry and some metabolites in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) as dietary supplements on serum biochemistry and some metabolites (urea and creatinine) in Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus). Methods: A total of 150 C. gariepinus juveniles [initial weight (35.41 ± 1.53) g] were randomly assigned to five test diets. Ginger and roselle were added to diets as additives at 2 g and 4 g respectively while control diet contained none of the substances. Blood samples were collected from treatment groups for biochemical analysis after 70 days feeding trial. Results: Significant changes (P < 0.05) were observed in serum enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase) activities. Significant increase (P < 0.05) in serum total protein was noticed in treated fish when compared to control. Relative changes in urea and creatinine levels were observed in fish fed with roselle based diets while insignificant changes (P > 0.05) were seen in ginger treated fish. Conclusions: The present study revealed that ginger and roselle added to the diets as additives had no adverse effect on the examined serum biochemistry in C. gariepinus.

FAIR Guidelines and Data Regulatory Framework for Digital Health in Nigeria

Adopting the FAIR Guidelines—that data should be Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable(FAIR)—in the health data system in Nigeria will help protect data against use by unauthorised parties, while also making data more accessible to legitimate users. However, little is known about the FAIR Guidelines and their compatibility with data and health laws and policies in Nigeria. This study assesses the governance framework for digital and health/e Health policies in Nigeria and explores the possibility of a policy window opening for the FAIR Guidelines to be adopted and implemented in Nigeria’s e Health sector. Ten Nigerian policy documents were examined for mention of the FAIR Guidelines(or FAIR Equivalent terminology) and the 15 sub-criteria or facets. The analysis found that although the FAIR Guidelines are not explicitly mentioned, 70% of the documents contain FAIR Equivalent terminology. The Nigeria Data Protection Regulation contained the most FAIR Equivalent principles(73%) and some of the remaining nine documents also contained some FAIR Equivalent principles(between 0–60%). Accordingly, it can be concluded that a policy window is open for the FAIR Guidelines to be adopted and implemented in Nigeria’s e Health sector.

Incomplete COVID-19 Data: The Curation of Medical Health Data by the Virus Outbreak Data Network-Africa

The incompleteness of patient health data is a threat to the management of COVID-19 in Africa and globally.This has become particularly clear with the recent emergence of new variants of concern.The Virus Outbreak Data Network(VODAN)-Africa has studied the curation of patient health data in selected African countries and identified that health information flows often do not involve the use of health data at the point of care,which renders data production largely meaningless to those producing it.This modus operandi leads to disfranchisement over the control of health data,which is extracted to be processed elsewhere.In response to this problem,VODAN-Africa studied whether or not a design that makes local ownership and repositing of data central to the data curation process,would have a greater chance of being adopted.The design team based their work on the legal requirements of the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR);the FAIR Guidelines on curating data as Findable,Accessible(under well-defined conditions),Interoperable and Reusable(FAIR);and national regulations applying in the context where the data is produced.The study concluded that the visiting of data curated as machine actionable and reposited in the locale where the data is produced and renders services has great potential for access to a wider variety of data.A condition of such innovation is that the innovation team is intradisciplinary,involving stakeholders and experts from all of the places where the innovation is designed,and employs a methodology of co-creation and capacity-building.