Preparedness,knowledge,and perception of nursing students about climate change and its impact on human health in India

Higher education plays an important role in all aspects of sustainability.Infusing climate change and sustainability into the curriculum is important to prepare future health-care professionals for climate change and sustainability actions to build resilient health systems.In this study,we evaluated the preparedness,knowledge,and perception regarding climate change and its impact on human health among Indian nursing students.A quantitative descriptive survey was conducted among 644 undergraduate nursing students studying in three institutes in the southern,northern,and western parts of India.We used a structured online questionnaire with established validity and reliability to collect data.The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26 software.The results showed that more than half of the students reported experiencing excessive increase(362;56.2%)and decrease(374;58.1%)in temperature in recent years.Though more than three quarters of the students(494;76.7%)accepted the general truth that climate change is mainly caused by human activities,only less than half of the students(309;48.0%)perceived the impact of climate change to be high.Three quarters of the students(483;75.0%)had a high level of knowledge regarding climate change.The students who had a high level of knowledge about climate change exerted a high perceived impact of climate change(χ^(2)=75.47;P<0.01).More than half of the students(50.9%)felt that they needed information about climate change to be included in the nursing curriculum,and only one sixth of the students(16.1%)were highly confident about engaging in climate change-related conversation with patients.Most of the students who participated in the study had basic knowledge about climate change and its impact on human health.However,there is an observed gap between knowledge and their preparedness and confidence to engage in climate change actions.Hence,we propose to strengthen the nursing curriculum by integrating various curricular and co-curricular activities related to climate change,so that future nurses are empowered to become climate change advocates.

Development and challenges of mental health in China

With the socioeconomic development and the acceleration of the ageing process of the population, the incidence rates of mental disorders and psycho-behavioural problems have become higher and higher worldwide. So far, the disease burden caused by mental disorders has ranked second in the world.1 In China, the disease burden caused by mental disorders accounts for 13% of all non-communicable diseases burden.2 Hence, mental health has become a major public health problem and social problem. In order to promote mental health, the Chinese government has promulgated a series of policies and regulations, as well as reform measures. Moreover, the upcoming 'China Brain Project' will also focus on some mental disorders such as autism, depression and dementia to improve mental health research in China.

Psychiatric Epidemiology and Mental Health Service in the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People＇s Republic of China

概述:西藏自治区的精神疾病流行病学和精神卫生服务情况在国际上鲜有提及。本文综述了中国西藏自治区的精神疾病流行病学和精神卫生服务以及相关研究。目前在西藏,有很多人存在精神障碍和心理问题,但由于缺乏现代精神治疗机构和专家,仍有很多的治疗需求没有被满足。

Estimated prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of mental disorders in medical students of Hebei Province,China:A crosssectional study

BACKGROUND In China,the identification rate and treatment rate of mental disorders are low,and there are few surveys on the prevalence of mental disorders among college students using diagnostic tools such as Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview(MINI),so the prevalence and treatment of mental disorders among college students are unclear.AIM To estimate prevalence of mental disorders among medical students in Hebei Province,and provide guidance for improving their mental health.METHODS This was a cross-sectional study based on an Internet-based survey.Three levels of medical students in Hebei Province were randomly selected(by cluster sampling)for screening.Using the information network assessment system,the subjects scanned the 2D code with their mobile phones,clicked to sign the informed consent,and answered a scale.A self-designed general status questionnaire was used to collect information about age,gender,ethnicity,grade,and origin of students.The MINI 5.0.was used to investigate mental disorders.Data analysis was performed with SPSS software.Statistically significant findings were determined using a two-tailed P value of 0.05.RESULTS A total of 7117 subjects completed the survey between October 11 and November 7,2021.The estimated prevalence of any mental disorders within 12 mo was 7.4%.Mood disorders were the most common category(4.3%),followed by anxiety disorders(3.9%);15.0%had been to psychological counseling,while only 5.7%had been to a psychiatric consultation,and only 10%had received drug therapy in the past 12 mo.CONCLUSION Although the estimated prevalence of mental disorders in medical students is lower than in the general population,the rate of adequate treatment is low.We determined that improving the mental health of medical students is an urgent matter.

Overview of mental health issues of COVID-19:need of the hour

To the Editor,First detected in Wuhan,China,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS CoV 2)virus is creating havoc worldwide and having an unprecedented impact on public health and society,so much so that it was declared a'Public Health Emergency of International Concern’in January 2020 and further as a‘pandemic’in March 2020.So far,it has affected more than 1.7 million people all over the world,causing 110 thousand deaths across 195 countries.

Cross-sectional survey following a longitudinal study on mental health and insomnia of people with sporadic COVID-19

BACKGROUNDIn the post-pandemic era, the emergence of sporadic cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the scale of the pandemic are unpredictable. Therefore, the impact ofsporadic cases of COVID-19 and isolation measures on mental health and sleep in different groupsof people need to be analyzed.AIMTo clarify the severity of psychological problems and insomnia of staff and community residentsaround a hospital with sporadic cases of COVID-19, and their relationship with quarantinelocation and long-term changes.METHODSA cross-sectional survey was conducted on community residents and medical staff. Many of thesemedical staff had been subjected to different places of quarantine. Community residents did notexperience quarantine. Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), acute stress disorder scale(ASDS) and insomnia severity index (ISI) were used to evaluate anxiety and depression, acutestress disorder symptoms, and the severity of insomnia. Additionally, we conducted a 1-yearfollow-up study on medical staff, with related scales measurement immediately after and one yearafter the 2-wk quarantine period.RESULTSWe included 406 medical staff and 226 community residents. The total scores of ISI and subscale inHADS of community residents were significantly higher than that of medical staff. Furtheranalysis of medical staff who experienced quarantine showed that 134 were quarantined in hotels,70 in hospitals and 48 at home. Among all subjects, the proportions of HADS, ASDS and ISI scoresabove normal cutoff value were 51.94%, 19.17% and 31.11%, respectively. Multivariable logisticregression analysis found that subjects with higher total ASDS scores had a greater risk to developanxiety and depression. The total ISI score for medical staff in hotel quarantine was significantlyhigher than those in home quarantine. Total 199 doctors and nurses who completed the 1-yearfollow-up study. Compared with baseline, HADS and ASDS scores decreased significantly oneyear after the end of quarantine, while ISI scores did not change significantly.CONCLUSIONSporadic COVID-19 cases had a greater psychological impact on residents in surroundingcommunities, mainly manifested as insomnia and depressive symptoms. Hotel quarantineaggravated the severity of insomnia in medical staff, whose symptoms lasted ≥ 1 year.

Advances in functional MRI research in bipolar disorder:from the perspective of mood states

Bipolar disorder is characterised by recurrent and alternating episodes of mania/hypomania and depression.Current breakthroughs in functional MRI techniques have uncovered the functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder.However,the pathophysiology underlying mood instability,mood switching and the development of extreme mood states is less well understood.This reviewpresents a comprehensive overviewof current evidence from functional MRI studies from the perspective of mood states.We first summarise the disrupted brain activation patterns and functional connectivity that have been reported in bipolar disorder,irrespective of the mood state.We next focus on research that solely included patients in a single mood state for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and research comparing patients with different mood states to dissect mood state-related effects.Finally,we briefly summarise current theoretical models and conclude this review by proposing potential avenues for future research.A comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology with consideration of mood states could not only deepen our understanding of how acute mood episodes develop at a neurophysiological level but could also facilitate the identification of biological targets for personalised treatment and the development of new interventions for bipolar disorder.

Four-function model analysis of nonsuicidal self-injury-related posts on Sina Weibo

To the editor:Non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI)is defined as direct,repetitive self-injury to bodily tissues without suicidal intent. The estimated prevalence of NsSI among adolescents is 17.2%worldwide with a comparable rate observed in China. As a behavioural addiction, NSSI poses a significant suicide risk,and is emerging as a major mental health problem among adolescents.To unravel this puzzle,the four-function model(FFM)distinguishes between interpersonal and intrapersonal functions,as well as positive and negative reinforcement functions,proving relatively comprehensive among various theoretical models.

Systemic low-grade inflammation associated with specific depressive symptoms:insights from network analyses of five independent NHANES samples

To the editor:Major depressive disorder(MDD)is a heterogeneous disorder with varying symptom presentations and underlying biological mechanisms.1 The mainstream neurobiological hypotheses of depression involve monoamine neurotransmitters,hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,immune-inflammation and the glutamate system.

The Experience and Impact of a Fitbit-Based Physical Activity and Sleep Hygiene Intervention for Older Adults Experiencing Cognitive Decline

Objectives: This study aimed to understand the experience and impact of a physical activity and sleep wrist-worn tracker (Fitbit)-based healthy lifestyle intervention for older patients attending a memory assessment service, who are experiencing cognitive impairment but do not receive a dementia diagnosis. Methods: A qualitative design was employed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of thirteen participants recruited from a memory assessment service. Thematic analysis, that was data driven and inductive, was undertaken to analyse the data. Results: Two global themes were developed. “Understanding exercise and sleep as part of my lifestyle” was made up of themes representing how participants viewed exercise and sleep as part of their lifestyles in terms of acknowledging the positive impacts and the barriers to exercise and sleep. The second global theme “Understanding my experience of the healthy lifestyle intervention” was made up of themes that identified the positive impact of the intervention regarding improving health and wellbeing, enabling validation of proactive behaviours and motivation to engage in healthy lifestyle behaviours, so promoting positive behaviour change. Conclusion: Patients experiencing age-related cognitive impairment, applied and benefited from a healthy lifestyle Fitbit-based intervention to facilitate and promote physical activity, better sleep hygiene and healthy lifestyles.

Psychiatric comorbidities in children with conduct disorder:a descriptive analysis of real-world data

To the editor:Two recent advisories from the US surgeon general have underscored the unprecedented public health crisis in youth mental health and emphasised the need for“timely data collection and research to identify and respond to youth mental health needs more rapidly”.1 Increased rates of suicidal behaviour,depression and anxiety symptoms and substance use.

Association of serum interleukin-6 with negative symptoms in stable early-onset schizophrenia

BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6(IL-6)contributes to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.However,there was no study concerning the relationship between IL-6 concentrations and clinical features in the chronic phase of early-onset schizophrenia(EOS).AIM To investigate the relationship between serum IL-6 concentration and the clinical features of EOS.METHODS We measured serum IL-6 Levels from 74 patients with chronic schizophrenia,including 33 with age at onset<21 years(EOS group)and 41 with onset≥21 years in[adult-onset schizophrenia(AOS)group],and from 41 healthy controls.Symptom severities were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS).RESULTS Serum IL-6 concentrations were higher in both EOS and AOS groups than healthy controls(F=22.32,P<0.01),but did not differ significantly between EOS and AOS groups(P>0.05)after controlling for age,body mass index,and other covariates.Negative symptom scores were higher in the EOS group than the AOS group(F=6.199,P=0.015).Serum IL-6 concentrations in the EOS group were negatively correlated with both total PANSS-negative symptom score(r=-0.389,P=0.032)and avolition/asociality subscore(r=-0.387,P=0.026).CONCLUSION Patients with EOS may have more severe negative symptoms than those with adult-onset schizophrenia during the chronic phase of the illness.IL-6 signaling may regulate negative symptoms and its avolition/asociality subsymptoms among the early-onset chronic schizophrenic patients.

Prediction of treatment response to antipsychotic drugs for precision medicine approach to schizophrenia:randomized trials and multiomics analysis

Background:Choosing the appropriate antipsychotic drug(APD)treatment for patients with schizophrenia(SCZ)can be challenging,as the treatment response to APD is highly variable and difficult to predict due to the lack of effective biomarkers.Previous studies have indicated the association between treatment response and genetic and epigenetic factors,but no effective biomarkers have been identified.Hence,further research is imperative to enhance precision medicine in SCZ treatment.Methods:Participants with SCZ were recruited from two randomized trials.The discovery cohort was recruited from the CAPOC trial(n=2307)involved 6 weeks of treatment and equally randomized the participants to the Olanzapine,Risperidone,Quetiapine,Aripiprazole,Ziprasidone,and Haloperidol/Perphenazine(subsequently equally assigned to one or the other)groups.The external validation cohort was recruited from the CAPEC trial(n=1379),which involved 8 weeks of treatment and equally randomized the participants to the Olanzapine,Risperidone,and Aripiprazole groups.Additionally,healthy controls(n=275)from the local community were utilized as a genetic/epigenetic reference.The genetic and epigenetic(DNA methylation)risks of SCZ were assessed using the polygenic risk score(PRS)and polymethylation score,respectively.The study also examined the genetic-epigenetic interactions with treatment response through differential methylation analysis,methylation quantitative trait loci,colocalization,and promoteranchored chromatin interaction.Machine learning was used to develop a prediction model for treatment response,which was evaluated for accuracy and clinical benefit using the area under curve(AUC)for classification,R^(2) for regression,and decision curve analysis.Results:Six risk genes for SCZ(LINC01795,DDHD2,SBNO1,KCNG2,SEMA7A,and RUFY1)involved in cortical morphology were identified as having a genetic-epigenetic interaction associated with treatment response.The developed and externally validated prediction model,which incorporated clinical information,PRS,genetic risk score(GRS),and proxy methylation level(proxyDNAm),demonstrated positive benefits for a wide range of patients receiving different APDs,regardless of sex[discovery cohort:AUC=0.874(95%CI 0.867-0.881),R^(2)=0.478;external validation cohort:AUC=0.851(95%CI 0.841-0.861),R^(2)=0.507].Conclusions:This study presents a promising precision medicine approach to evaluate treatment response,which has the potential to aid clinicians in making informed decisions about APD treatment for patients with SCZ.Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(https://www.chictr.org.cn/),18 Aug 2009 retrospectively registered:CAPOC-ChiCTR-RNC-09000521(https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=9014),CAPEC-ChiCTRRNC-09000522(https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=9013).

Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers:a cross-sectional study in China

Background Healthcare workers fighting against the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic are under tremendous pressure,which puts them at an increased risk of developing psychological problems.Aims This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of psychological problems in different healthcare workers(ie,physicians,medical residents,nurses,technicians and public health professionals)during the COVID-19 pandemic in China and explore factors that are associated with the onset of psychological problems in this population during this public health crisis.Methods A cross-sectional,web-based survey was conducted in February 2020 among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.Psychological problems were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale,Patient Health Questionnaire and Insomnia Severity Index.Logistic regression analyses were used to explore the factors that were associated with psychological problems.Results The prevalence of symptoms of anxiety,depression,insomnia and the overall psychological problems in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in China was 46.04%,44.37%,28.75%and 56.59%,respectively.The prevalence of the overall psychological problems in physicians,medical residents,nurses,technicians and public health professionals was 60.35%,50.82%,62.02%,57.54%and 62.40%,respectively.Compared with healthcare workers who did not participate in front-line work,front-line healthcare workers had a higher risk of anxiety,insomnia and overall psychological problems.In addition,attention to negative or neutral information about the pandemic,receiving negative feedback from families and friends who joined front-line work,and unwillingness to join front-line work if given a free choice were three major factors for these psychological problems.Conclusions Psychological problems are pervasive among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.Receiving negative information and participating in front-line work appear to be.important risk factors for psychological problems.The psychological health of different healthcare workers should be protected during the COVID-19 pandemic with timely interventions and proper information feedback.

Mental health in the post-COVID-19 era:challenges and the way forward

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a serious threat to global mental health.Multiple lines of evidence suggest that there is a varying yet considerable increase in mental health issues among the general population and vulnerable groups.12 The aftermath is obscure and speculative from a social,economic,individual and public mental health perspective.Recently published studies support the existence of an emotional epidemic curve,describing a high probability of an increase in the burden of mental health issues in the post-pandemic era.34 Furthermore,previous major public health emergencies showed that more than half of the population devel-oped mental health problems and required mental health intervention.45 There is,therefore,an urgent need to reorganise existing mental health services to address the current unmet needs for mental health and to prepare for future challenges in the postpandemic era in terms of prevention and management.

Handgrip strength and health outcomes: Umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses of observational studies

Purpose:The aim of the present study was to assess both the credibility and strength of evidence arising from systematic reviews with meta-analyses of observational studies on handgrip strength and health outcomes.Methods:An umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses of observational studies was conducted.We assessed meta-analyses of observational studies based on random-effect summary effect sizes and their p values,95%prediction intervals,heterogeneity,small-study effects,and excess significance.We graded the evidence from convincing(Class I)to weak(Class IV).Results:From 504 articles returned in a search of the literature,8 systematic reviews were included in our review,with a total of 11 outcomes.Overall,nine of the 11 of the outcomes reported nominally significant summary results(p<0.05),with 4 associations surviving the application of the more stringent p value(p<106).No outcome presented convincing evidence.Three associations showed Class II evidence(i.e.,highly suggestive):(1)higher handgrip values at baseline were associated with a minor reduction in mortality risk in the general population(n=34 studies;sample size=1,855,817;relative risk=0.72,95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.670.78),(2)cardiovascular death risk in mixed populations(n=15 studies;relative risk=0.84,95%CI:0.780.91),and(3)incidence of disability(n=7 studies;relative risk=0.76,95%CI:0.660.87).Conclusion:The present results show that handgrip strength is a useful indicator for general health status and specifically for early all-cause and cardiovascular mortality,as well as disability.To further inform intervention strategies,future research is now required to fully understand mechanisms linking handgrip strength scores to these health outcomes.

COVID-19 mental health care toolkit:an international collaborative effort by Early Career Psychiatrists section

The collaborative effort of an international research team from the Early Career Psychiatrists section of the World Psychiatry Association has brought about an easy-to-use,quick and stepwise mental health care toolkit for the identification and appropriate referral of those in need of mental health care during the pandemic.This simple guide can be applied in the general outpatient setting and is catered for all healthcare professionals,regardless of their expertise within the mental health field with minimal training.It is our hope that by incorporating this toolkit into our daily clinical care during the pandemic for high-risk patients and patients with non-specific complaints,we will be able to bridge the mental health gap present in our society.

Prevalence of dementia and the attributable contributions of modifiable risk factors in China

With the largest ageing population in the world,China is faced with the huge chal-lenge of dementia.-However,previously reported estimates on the prevalence of dementia among Chinese older adults were inconsistent,varying from 2%to 13%.5°It is crucial for dementia prevention to determine the number of cases that could be delayed or prevented,but how to do this remains unclear.To address these research gaps,we aimed to provide population estimates of the prevalence of dementia in China and estimate the population attributable fractions(PAFs)of potentially modifiable risk factors.

Perceptions on Public Health Facilities by Slum Dwellers in the Metropolitan Cities of India

Rapid urbanisation and quest for better livelihood, push-pull factor of occupations education, policy changes attract large scale rural population to urban areas. It is well documented that in spite of better public health facilities including tertiary care hospitals which are available in the urban areas but the services are underutilised by the urban poor. Aim: Hence, in this paper, it is attempted to comprehend the reasons for underutilisation of available public health facilities and to compare the difference with non-slum areas of the major metropolitan cities of India. Methods: A secondary data from National Family Health Survey-III for five major metropolitan cities namely, Delhi, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai is used for the analysis. Slum data which are classified by both the agencies, that is census of India and NFHS-III as slum households only considered for analysis. Results: In Mumbai slums about 90% of the households are having water sources from public tap or piped to yard followed by Hyderabad having better water supply and Chennai slum dwellers having minimum access to good water sources. About 11.4% of the households do not know where their toilet drainage is connected. There is a significant (P 0.05) 75% to 79%, Kolkata and Chennai have parallel high proportion, that is more than 95% (P > 0.05) and Mumbai stands as median percent age as 89.6. Apart from Delhi, about 40% to 45% of the slum population is in the opinion of “long waiting time” in the government hospitals, and the same trend of proportions is observed for “poor quality of service”.

An Experimental Comparison of Quantum Decision Theoretical Models of Intertemporal Choice for Gain and Loss

In mathematical physics and psychology, “quantum decision theory” has been proposed to explain anomalies in human decision-making. One of such quantum models has been proposed to explain time inconsistency in human decision over time. In this study, we conducted a behavioral experiment to examine which quantum decision models best account for human intertemporal choice. We observed that a q-exponential model developed in Tsallis’ thermodynamics (based on Takahashi’s (2005) nonlinear time perception theory) best fit human behavioral data for both gain and loss, among other quantum decision models.