Age–age correlations and early selection for growth traits in 40 half-sib families of Larix principis-rupprechtii

Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr is a dominant species in coniferous forests of North China.However,early selection of L.principis-rupprechtii for growth traits is poorly characterised.To explore the optimal selection age for this species,heights(HT)and diameters at breast(DBH)of 40 half-sib families were measured at ages 3,12,22,and 28 years in a progeny test population established in the town of Kangjiahui,Shanxi Province.Age trends in heritability,age–age genetic correlations,and early selection efficiency for height and DBH were analysed.The individual heritability of these growth traits varied over time,and maximized at different ages(0.55 at age 12 for HT and 0.48 at age 28 for DBH).The age–age genetic correlations were always positive,and the majority were high(0.790–0.953)between the juvenile and mature ages for HT and DBH.For the same pairs of measurements,HT demonstrated higher age–age genetic correlations than DBH,and both age–age genetic correlation data sets were described well by the linear relationship with the logarithm of the age ratio(r2[0.90).The regression slope for DBH was lower than that for HT.Based on the early selection efficiency estimates,the optimal selection age could be as early as age 6 for DBH and 8–9 years for HT.The results of this study provide information that can be used to assist early selection practices in L.principis-rupprechtii improvement programs in Shanxi Province.

Long-term anodal block stimulation at sacral anterior roots promoted recovery of neurogenic bladder function in a rabbit model of complete spinal cord injury

A complete spinal cord injury model was established in experimental rabbits using the spinal cord clip compression method. Urodynamic examination was performed 2 weeks later to determine neurogenic bladder status. The rabbits were treated with anodal block stimulation at sacral anterior roots for 4 weeks. Electrical stimulation of sacral anterior roots improved urodynamic parameters of neurogenic bladder in rabbit models of complete spinal cord injury, effectively promoted urinary function, and relieved urinary retention. Immunohistochemistry results showed that a balance was achieved among expression of muscarinic receptor subunits M2, M3, ATP-gated ion channel P2X3 receptors, and 132-adrenergic receptor, and nerve growth factor expression decreased. These results suggested that long-term sacral anterior root stimulation of anodal block could＇be used to treat neurogenic bladder in a rabbit model of complete spinal cord injury.

The combination of chidamide with the CHOEP regimen in previously untreated patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma: a prospective, multicenter, single arm, phase 1b/2 study

Objective:To assess the efficacy and safety of the novel histone deacetylase inhibitor,chidamide,in combination with cyclophosphamide,doxorubicin,vincristine,etoposide,and prednisone(Chi-CHOEP)for untreated peripheral T-cell lymphoma(PTCL).Methods:A prospective,multicenter,single arm,phase 1 b/2 study was conducted.A total of 128 patients with untreated PTCL(18–70 years of age)were enrolled between March 2016 and November 2019,and treated with up to 6 cycles with the Chi-CHOEP regimen.In the phase 1 b study,3 dose levels of chidamide were evaluated and the primary endpoint was determination of the maximumtolerated dose and recommended phase 2 dose(RP2 D).The primary endpoint of the phase 2 study was 2-year progression-free survival(PFS).Results:Fifteen patients were enrolled in the phase 1 b study and the RP2 D for chidamide was determined to be 20 mg,twice a week.A total of 113 patients were treated at the RP2 D in the phase 2 study,and the overall response rate was 60.2%,with a complete response rate of 40.7%.At a median follow-up of 36 months,the median PFS was 10.7 months,with 1-,2-,and 3-year PFS rates of 49.9%,38.0%,and 32.8%,respectively.The Chi-CHOEP regimen was well-tolerated,with grade 3/4 neutropenia occurring in approximately two-thirds of the patients.No unexpected adverse events(AEs)were reported and the observed AEs were manageable.Conclusions:This large cohort phase 1 b/2 study showed that Chi-CHOEP was well-tolerated with modest efficacy in previously untreated PTCL patients.

Pattern changes and early risk warning of Spartina alterniflora invasion:a study of mangrove-dominated wetlands in northeastern Fujian,China

The exotic saltmarsh cordgrass,Spartina alterniflora(Loisel)Peterson&Saarela,is one of the important causes for the extensive destruction of mangroves in China due to its invasive nature.The species has rapidly spread wildly across coastal wetlands,challenging resource managers for control of its further spread.An investigation of S.alterniflora invasion and associated ecological risk is urgent in China's coastal wetlands.In this study,an ecological risk invasive index system was developed based on the Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework.Predictions were made of'warning degrees':zero warning and light,moderate,strong,and extreme warning,by developing a back propagation(BP)artificial neural network model for coastal wetlands in eastern Fujian Province.Our results suggest that S.alterniflora mainly has invaded Kandelia candel beaches and farmlands with clustered distributions.An early warning indicator system assessed the ecological risk of the invasion and showed a ladder-like distribution from high to low extending from the urban area in the central inland region with changes spread to adjacent areas.Areas of light warning and extreme warning accounted for43%and 7%,respectively,suggesting the BP neural network model is reliable prediction of the ecological risk of S.alterniflora invasion.The model predicts that distribution pattern of this invasive species will change little in the next 10 years.However,the invaded patches will become relatively more concentrated without warning predicted.We suggest that human factors such as land use activities may partially determine changes in warning degree.Our results emphasize that an early warning system for S.alterniflora invasion in China's eastern coastal wetlands is significant,and comprehensive control measures are needed,particularly for K.candel beach.

Combined approach for spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma

Ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma is a rare,emergency occurrence in western countries with high mortality risk.A number of hypotheses have been formulated in order to explain the precise mechanism that leads to hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) rupture:sub-capsular location,dimensions,portal hypertension,tumour necrosis,local increase of venous pressure due to the outflow reduction caused by neoplastic invasion,and the presence of a previous vascular injury which might predispose to HCC rupture.There is still a debate in the literature concerning the best approach in cases of HCC rupture.Surgery is the first option for treatment of acute abdominal bleeding.However the advent of endovascular treatments widens the range of possible therapies for acute bleeding control and subsequent ablation purposes.We report a case of hemoperitoneum from spontaneous rupture of undiagnosed HCC,that was treated successfully by emergency surgical resection followed by transarterial chemo-embolizationfor local recurrence.

Methodology for Constructing a Short-Term Event Risk Score in Heart Failure Patients

We present a methodology for constructing a short-term event risk score in heart failure patients from an ensemble predictor, using bootstrap samples, two different classification rules, logistic regression and linear discriminant analysis for mixed data, continuous or categorical, and random selection of explanatory variables to build individual predictors. We define a measure of the importance of each variable in the score and an event risk measure by an odds-ratio. Moreover, we establish a property of linear discriminant analysis for mixed data. This methodology is applied to EPHESUS trial patients on whom biological, clinical and medical history variables were measured.

Does Air Pollution Affect the Impact of Economic Development on Cancer Mortality? The Case of OECD Countries

This paper’s principle aim is to investigate if the level of fine particular matter (PM10) affects the impact of economic development on cancer mortality. At this scope, we consider a polynomial model with the number of cancer deaths as dependent variable for a panel of 26 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Countries (OECD) during the 1990-2013 time span. The covariates are PM10, income, public health-expenditure, the share of urban population, the number of daily sold cigarettes and alcohol daily consumption. For the scope of our investigation, we implement a quartile division of covariates using the level of PM10 as reference variable in order to estimate the effect of the same variable for each subgroup. Technically, we first use PM10 values to construct quartiles. Then, we use cancer-mortality rates by PM10 quartile to run separate regressions for each quartile. We also calculate the social costs arising from cancer deaths caused by PM10 emissions. According to our results, increasing pollution levels weaken the moderating effect of income and health expenditure on cancer-deaths. As far as PM10 is concerned, it seems that it increasingly affects cancer-deaths until it reaches a threshold level, then its influence on the number of deaths lowers down. Finally, we simulate that a 1% increase in PM10 emissions leads to an increase of 0.205 cancer-deaths every 100.000 inhabitants. In terms of social costs, these deaths amount to 881.500 US$.

Different dietary methionine to lysine ratios in the lactation diet:effects on the performance of sows and their offspring and methionine metabolism in lactating sows

Background:Over the last decade,the nutritional requirements of lactating modern genotype sows have increased.The current nutritional recommendations might be unable to meet the needs of increased litter size and milk production,and thus the nutritional requirements need to be re-evaluated.The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary methionine to lysine(Met:Lys)ratios on the performance of and methionine metabolism in lactating sows.Results:During the 1st week of lactation,piglets reared on sows in the 0.37 to 0.57 Met:Lys ratio groups grew faster than those reared on sows in the control group(0.27)(P<0.01).The 0.37-ratio group showed increased levels of GSHPx in plasma during lactation(P<0.01)and decreased concentrations of urea nitrogen in the plasma of sows(P<0.05).Compared with the 0.27-ratio group,the levels of T-AOC and GSH-Px in the plasma and homocysteine in the milk of lactating sows were significantly increased in sows in the 0.47-ratio group(P<0.01).In sows fed a 0.57-ratio diet,the levels of glutathione and taurine in the plasma and milk were improved significantly during lactation.However,the content of TBARS in the blood(P<0.05 at day 7 and P=0.06 at weaning day)was increased(P<0.01).Moreover,there were linear increases in the levels of homocysteine in the blood and milk of sows during the lactation period(P<0.01)with increased dietary Met:Lys ratios in the lactation diet.Conclusions:The current study indicated that increasing the dietary Met:Lys ratio(0.37~0.57)in the lactation diet had no significant effect on the overall performance of sows or the colostrum and milk composition,but it increased piglet mean BW and piglet ADG during the first week of lactation.Increasing dietary methionine levels had no significant effect on antioxidant function in lactation sows,even though it increased levels of GSH and GSH-Px in the plasma of sows during lactation.However,the content of homocysteine in the plasma and milk increased during lactation due to a high level of dietary methionine.

Bioactive Diarylheptanoids from Alpinia coriandriodora

Eight new diarylheptanoids,coriandralpinins A-H(1-8),were isolated from the rhizomes of Alpinia coriandriodora,an edible plant of the ginger family.Their structures,including the absolute configurations,were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis and ECD calculations.Compounds 1-8 have a 1,5-O-bridged diarylheptanoid structure featuring polyoxygenated aryl units.When evaluated for intracellular antioxidant activity using t-BHP stressed RAW264.7 mac-rophages,all these compounds scavenged reactive oxygen species(ROS)in a concentration-dependent manner.Compounds 3 and 5 also showed inhibitory activity against NO release in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.Six known flavonols,7,4′-di-O-methylkaempferol,7-O-methylquercetin,7,4′-di-O-methylquercetin,7,3′,4′-tri-O-methylquercetin,kaempferol 3-O-β-d-(6-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)glucopyranoside,and 3-O-β-d-glucopyranuronosylquercetin were also isolated and characterized from the rhizomes.

SBC(Sanhuang Xiexin Tang combined with Baihu Tang plus Cangzhu)alleviates NAFLD by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and ameliorating inflammation in obese patients and mice

In the context of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by dysregulated lipid metabolism in hepatocytes, the quest for safe and effective therapeutics targeting lipid metabolism has gained paramount importance. Sanhuang Xiexin Tang (SXT) and Baihu Tang (BHT) have emerged as prominent candidates for treating metabolic disorders. SXT combined with BHT plus Cangzhu (SBC) has been used clinically for Weihuochisheng obese patients. This retrospective analysis focused on assessing the anti-obesity effects of SBC in Weihuochisheng obese patients. We observed significant reductions in body weight and hepatic lipid content among obese patients following SBC treatment. To gain further insights, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of SBC in HFD-fed mice. The results demonstrated that SBC treatment mitigated body weight gain and hepatic lipid accumulation in HFD-fed mice. Pharmacological network analysis suggested that SBC may affect lipid metabolism, mitochondria, inflammation, and apoptosis—a hypothesis supported by the hepatic transcriptomic analysis in HFD-fed mice treated with SBC. Notably, SBC treatment was associated with enhanced hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis and the inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/NF-κB pathways. In conclusion, SBC treatment alleviates NAFLD in both obese patients and mouse models by improving lipid metabolism, potentially through enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis. These effects, in turn, ameliorate inflammation in hepatocytes.

Critical state-induced emergence of superior magnetic performances in an iron-based amorphous soft magnetic composite

Soft magnetic composites(SMCs)play a pivotal role in the development of high-frequency,miniaturization and complex forming of modern electronics.However,they usually suffer from a trade-off between high magnetization and good magnetic softness(high permeability and low core loss).In this work,utilizing the order modulation strategy,a critical state in a FeSiBCCr amorphous soft magnetic composite(ASMC),consisting of massive crystal-like orders(CLOs,∼1 nm in size)with the feature ofα-Fe,is designed.This critical-state structure endows the amorphous powder with the enhanced ferromagnetic exchange interactions and the optimized magnetic domains with uniform orientation and fewer micro-vortex dots.Superior comprehensive soft magnetic properties at high frequency emerge in the ASMC,such as a high saturation magnetization(Ms)of 170 emu g^(-1)and effective permeability(µ_(e))of 65 combined with a core loss(Pcv)as low as 70 mW cm^(-3)(0.01 T,1 MHz).This study provides a new strategy for the development of high-frequency ASMCs,possessing suitable comprehensive soft magnetic performance to match the requirements of the modern magnetic devices used in the third-generation semiconductors and new energy fields.

急性肠梗阻患者不同手术治疗时机对疗效及预后的影响

目的:探讨不同手术治疗时机对急性肠梗阻患者疗效及预后的影响。方法:将150例急性肠梗阻患者随机分为两组,对照组75例在发病48h后进行手术治疗,观察组75例在发病后48h内进行手术治疗。比较两组患者临床疗效、术后恢复时间、肠胃功能恢复时间、住院时间和并发症发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组患者临床有效率为93.33%,对照组临床有效率为74.67%,对照组明显低于观察组(P<0.05)。观察组患者术后恢复时间、肠胃功能恢复时间、住院时间和并发症发生率分别为(11.24±2.21)d,(12.87±2.71)d,(14.04±2.34)d和8%;对照组患者术后恢复时间、肠胃功能恢复时间、住院时间和并发症发生率分别为(18.37±3.29)d,(21.25±3.54)d,(23.42±3.52)d和34.67%,观察组均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:对需要手术治疗患者尽早进行手术治疗,可显著提高临床疗效,减少住院时间,改善预后。

接轨“时尚纺织”的纺织品设计人才培养改革与实践

在传统纺织产业向"时尚产业"转型升级的背景下,培养符合时尚产业发展需求的纺织品设计人才是当前纺织教育的迫切要求。针对当前纺织品设计人才培养与产业发展脱节的问题,以服务"纺织产品链"创新为基础,创建起"纺织品+时尚"为理念的人才培养模式,构建起"二段进阶型"路径。以"时尚任务"驱动为要求重构课程体系,实施"积极课堂"教学模式;整合校内外优质实践教学资源,建立"双跨界"教学团队及促进机制;拓展学生国际视野,搭建国际化教学环境和平台,来培养具有纺织品创意创新设计能力和引领时尚消费的纺织品设计人才。

大肠癌肝转移患者血清中相关癌基因甲基化水平的检测

目的:探讨大肠癌肝转移患者血清相关癌基因甲基化水平的变化。方法:选择2011年9月—2013年12月因原发性大肠癌入院伴或不伴肝转移患者各32例,分别作为试验组A和试验组B。所有患者在入院之前均未进行化疗或放疗。另选择20例健康体检者作为对照组。提取研究对象血清中DNA,采用甲基化特异性PCR法检测E-cad、ID4、ESR1、APC或HACE基因甲基化异常。结果:试验组A检测出19例E-cad、ID4、ESR1、APC或HACE甲基化异常;试验组B检测出10例Ecad、ID4、ESR1、APC或HACE甲基化异常;对照组未检测出E-cad、ID4、ESR1、APC或HACE甲基化异常。3组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:血清E-cad、ID4、ESR1、APC和HACE基因甲基化状态联合检测有利于大肠癌肝转移的临床诊治。

术中保温对老年病人全麻苏醒时间及苏醒期丙泊酚效应室浓度的影响

目的分析讨论术中保温对老年病人全麻苏醒时间及苏醒期丙泊酚效应室浓度的影响,以期为临床提供指导性依据。方法选取全麻下行开腹胃肠外科手术的老年病人78例为研究对象,年龄均为60岁以上,参照双盲随机法将病人分为对照组与研究组,每组39例。对照组仅予以液体输入与铺巾覆盖,研究组则采取液体输入、腹腔冲洗液体加温以及暖风毯覆盖等术中保温措施,记录比较两组病人从麻醉开始到手术完成不同时间点的食管温度、平均动脉压(MAP)及丙泊酚效应室浓度的动态变化,偏相关分析MAP、丙泊酚效应室浓度与食管温度的相关性,同时比较两组病人苏醒时间与效应室浓度。结果两组病人在T_0、T_1的食管温度方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),研究组T_2~T_6的食管温度均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),另两组不同时间点的MAP均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。研究组与对照组T_0~T_5丙泊酚效应室浓度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),研究组T_6丙泊酚效应室浓度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);MAP与食管温度偏回归系数0.074,两者无明显相关性。丙泊酚效应室浓度与食管温度偏回归系数0.109,两者有较弱的正相关关系,即食管温度越高,则丙泊酚效应室浓度越高;两组病人丙泊酚停药时脑电双频指数(BIS)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而在停药时BIS值≥80的恢复时间及其效应室浓度则差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组睁眼、应答及拔管时间均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论行全麻开腹手术治疗的老年病人实施术中保温有助于维持病人全麻下正常体温,缩短术后苏醒时间,加快病人术后苏醒,临床应用价值较高。

Castleman病十例并文献复习

目的探讨Castleman病的临床病理特点和预后相关因素。方法对安徽省池州市人民医院10例Castleman病进行回顾性临床病理特征分析，包括临床资料、组织形态学，并复习相关文献。结果10例患者中，8例男性，2例女性，年龄范围6～74岁。8例单中心型Castleman病（UCD）均为透明血管型，临床症状为淋巴结无痛性肿大。颈部4例。纵隔、肠系膜、颌下、腹膜后各I例，单纯手术切除；2例多中心型Castleman病（MCD）均为浆细胞型，患者全身多处淋巴结肿大伴呼吸系统症状，CHOP方案化疗6个疗程后症状缓解。10例Castleman病随访8～115个月，无复发。结论Castleman病少见，多为UCD透明血管型，单纯手术可治愈；极少数为MCD浆细胞型，其临床综合治疗方案尚须进一步探讨。

玉屏风颗粒对正常BALB/c小鼠免疫系统的影响及机制研究

目的探讨玉屏风颗粒对正常BALB/c小鼠免疫系统的影响及机制。方法将100只BALB/c小鼠随机分为空白组(Control)和玉屏风颗粒组(YPF),每组50只,YPF组按临床剂量换算为小鼠用剂量2.5 g·kg^(-1),以0.1 mL/10 g进行灌胃给药28 d;分离提取腹腔巨噬细胞和脾淋巴细胞、以ConA与LPS诱导脾淋巴细胞增殖、NK细胞毒力测定等实验。结果玉屏风颗粒对正常小鼠体重、免疫器官指数、血常规、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)T细胞比值和脾淋巴细胞的凋亡没有显著性的影响,而对脾淋巴细胞增殖、NK细胞活性、巨噬细胞吞噬活性、吞噬指数和抗体生成能力具有显著性的影响。结论玉屏风颗粒对正常小鼠具有免疫增强作用。

阿托伐他汀和伊贝沙坦单用及联合应用对2型糖尿病患者餐后内皮功能障碍、氧化应激和炎症的影响

Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia are considered risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Evidence suggests that postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia induce endothelial dysfunction and inflammation through oxidative stress. Statins and angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, improving endothelial function. Methods and Results-Twenty type 2 diabetic patients ate 3 different test meals: a high-fat meal, 75 g glucose alone, and a high-fat meal plus glucose. Glycemia, triglyceridemia, endothelial function, nitrotyrosine, C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and interleukin-6 were assayed during the tests. Subsequently, diabetics took atorvastatin 40 mg/d, irbesartan 300 mg/d, both, or placebo for 1 week. The 3 tests were performed again between 5 and 7 days after the start of each treatment. High-fat load and glucose alone produced a decrease in endothelial function and increases in nitrotyrosine, C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and interleukin-6. These effects were more pronounced when high-fat load and glucose were combined. Short-term atorvastatin and irbesartan treatments significantly counterbalanced these phenomena, and their combination was more effective than either therapy alone. Conclusions-This study confirms an independent and cumulative effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial function and inflammation, suggesting oxidative stress as a common mediator of such an effect. Short-term treatment with atorvastatin and irbesartan may counterbalance this phenomenon; the combination of the 2 compounds is most effective.

The role of marine protected areas in sustaining fisheries: The case of the National Park of Banc d’Arguin, Mauritania

Mauritania is characterized by fast-growing fisheries that have developed over the past several decades from low levels of fishing to intense fishing and have led to severe decreases in biomass and severe signs of overexploitation.To ensure sustainable fisheries,a primary goal of science-based fisheries policy is to provide an adequate conservation status of marine habitats that are directly,or indirectly,fundamental for the lifecycle of fish populations of commercial interest.The National Park of Banc d’Arguin has been recognized for its nursery and fish biomass export functions.In this paper,we present the economic value of the fish provisioning service of marine coastal ecosystems of the protected area.We estimated the added value of artisanal fisheries,the spatial distribution of fishing activities,the contribution of the Park to the Mauritanian fisheries and the heritage value of artisanal fisheries.Overall,the average added value for artisanal fisheries is about 43 million MRU(1 million euros)over the period 2006–2017.It mainly benefits to the ship-owners,which generates inequalities and threatens the livelihoods of the Imraguen.The spatial distribution of fishing activities and associated revenues shows high variability throughout the years,the seasons and the geographic areas,and reveals the high adaptability of Imraguen fishers.Fishing grounds are mostly located close to the shore,associated with seagrass beds,confirming the service of fish provisioning rendered by this ecosystem.Furthermore,the high productivity of seagrass beds contributes to the spill-over of biomass.The contribution of the Park to fishing activities that occur within the Mauritanian Exclusive Economic Zone is estimated to 15%,representing an added value creation of 3.2 billion MRU(71 million euros).The heritage value of the fisheries is assessed,through fishers’willingness to accept to stop their fishing activities,at 17.5 million MRU(0.4 million euros).Thus,this paper highlights the necessity of incorporating an ecosystem-based approach along with fishers’knowledge and adaptability into future conservation plan of the National Park of Banc d’Arguin and fisheries management at the local,national and regional scale.

Fine scale optical remote sensing experiment of mixed stand over complex terrain(FOREST)in the Genhe Reserve Area:objective,observation and a case study

Optical remote sensing allows to efficiently monitor forest ecosystems at regional and global scales.However,most of the widely used optical forward models and backward estimation methods are only suitable for forest canopies in flat areas.To evaluate the recent progress in forest remote sensing over complex terrain,a satellite-airborne-ground synchronous Fine scale Optical Remote sensing Experiment of mixed Stand over complex Terrain(FOREST)was conducted over a 1 km×1 km key experiment area(KEA)located in the Genhe Reserve Areain 2016.Twenty 30 m×30 m elementary sampling units(ESUs)were established to represent the spatiotemporal variations of the KEA.Structural and spectral parameters were simultaneously measured for each ESU.As a case study,we first built two 3D scenes of the KEA with individual-tree and voxel-based approaches,and then simulated the canopy reflectance using the LargE-Scale remote sensing data and image Simulation framework over heterogeneous 3D scenes(LESS).The correlation coefficient between the LESS-simulated reflectance and the airborne-measured reflectance reaches 0.68-0.73 in the red band and 0.56-0.59 in the near-infrared band,indicating a good quality of the experiment dataset.More validation studies of the related forward models and retrieval methods will be done.