Fermat and Pythagoras Divisors for a New Explicit Proof of Fermat’s Theorem:a4 + b4 = c4. Part I

In this paper we prove in a new way, the well known result, that Fermat’s equation a4 + b4 = c4, is not solvable in ℕ , when abc≠0 . To show this result, it suffices to prove that: ( F 0 ): a 1 4 + ( 2 s b 1 ) 4 = c 1 4 , is not solvable in ℕ , (where a 1 , b 1 , c 1 ∈2ℕ+1 , pairwise primes, with necessarly 2≤s∈ℕ ). The key idea of our proof is to show that if (F0) holds, then there exist α 2 , β 2 , γ 2 ∈2ℕ+1 , such that ( F 1 ): α 2 4 + ( 2 s−1 β 2 ) 4 = γ 2 4 , holds too. From where, one conclude that it is not possible, because if we choose the quantity 2 ≤ s, as minimal in value among all the solutions of ( F 0 ) , then ( α 2 ,2 s−1 β 2 , γ 2 ) is also a solution of Fermat’s type, but with 2≤s−10) is solvable in ( a 1 ,2 s b 1 , c 1 ) , s ≥ 2 like above;afterwards, proceeding with “Pythagorician divisors”, we creat the notions of “Fermat’s b-absolute divisors”: ( d b , d ′ b ) which it uses hereafter. Then to conclude our proof, we establish the following main theorem: there is an equivalence between (i) and (ii): (i) (F0): a 1 4 + ( 2 s b 1 ) 4 = c 1 4 , is solvable in ℕ , with 2≤s∈ℕ , ( a 1 , b 1 , c 1 )∈ ( 2ℕ+1 ) 3 , coprime in pairs. (ii) ∃( a 1 , b 1 , c 1 )∈ ( 2ℕ+1 ) 3 , coprime in pairs, for wich: ∃( b ′ 2 , b 2 , b ″ 2 )∈ ( 2ℕ+1 ) 3 coprime in pairs, and 2≤s∈ℕ , checking b 1 = b ′ 2 b 2 b ″ 2 , and such that for notations: S=s−λ( s−1 ) , with λ∈{ 0,1 } defined by c 1 − a 1 2 ≡λ( mod2 ) , d b =gcd( 2 s b 1 , c 1 − a 1 )= 2 S b 2 and d ′ b = 2 s−S b ′ 2 = 2 s B 2 d b , where ( 2 s B 2 ) 2 =gcd( b 1 2 , c 1 2 − a 1 2 ) , the following system is checked: { c 1 − a 1 = d b 4 2 2+λ = 2 2−λ ( 2 S−1 b 2 ) 4 c 1 + a 1 = 2 1+λ d ′ b 4 = 2 1+λ ( 2 s−S b ′ 2 ) 4 c 1 2 + a 1 2 =2 b ″ 2 4;and this system implies: ( b 1−λ,2 4 ) 2 + ( 2 4s−3 b λ,2 4 ) 2 = ( b ″ 2 2 ) 2;where: ( b 1−λ,2 , b λ,2 , b ″ 2 )={ ( b ′ 2 , b 2 , b ″ 2 ) if λ=0 ( b 2 , b ′ 2 , b ″ 2 ) if λ=1;From where, it is quite easy to conclude, following the method explained above, and which thus closes, part I, of this article. .

Improvement of Rice Plant Root by Kaolin Application in Iron Toxicity Condition at Zoukougbeu (Central-West of Côte d’Ivoire)

In the tropics, lowland rice cultivation is often confronted with the problem of iron toxicity. The solution proposed by research in general is the use of industrial silicon. However, the high cost of industrial silicon limits its adoption by farmers. A study was carried out in Zakogbeu;Center-West of Côte d’Ivoire, to assess the potential of kaolin to mitigate the effect of this soil constraint on the root of the rice plant. Five kaolin-based treatments were analyzed (T0 = 0 kg kaolin ha−1, T1 = 366 kg kaolin ha−1, T2 = 736 kg kaolin ha−1, T3 = 1097 kg kaolin ha−1 and T4 = 1465 kg kaolin ha−1 are 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 kg SiO2 ha−1) in a device in complete random blocks, with 5 repetitions. The results obtained show that kaolin supply increases the length of the root tissue as well as the number of branching of the root of the rice plant. Root tissue increased from 10 cm with T0 treatment to more than 15 cm with treatment T4. The microscopic observation of the roots shows that in the treatment T0, the roots present only primary ramifications and the tertiary and quaternary ramifications are observed with the treatments T3 and T4. The contribution of kaolin is an alternative to inhibit the effect of iron toxicity on the rice plant root development in iron toxicity condition.

Iron Status of a People Living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa Using a Multi-Criteria Approach Based on the Determination of Blood Ferritin, sTfR, CRP and sTfR-F Index

Background: The assessment of iron status using a single biomarker of iron metabolism is not enough sensitive and specific to reliably diagnose iron deficiency associated with multiple comorbidities. The objective of this study was to describe the iron status of people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa using a multi-criteria approach based on the determination of blood ferritin, sTfR, CRP and the calculation of sTfR-F index. Methods: This study was conducted using a retrospective panel of 933 sera/plasmas. We determined serum ferritin concentration, serum sTfR concentration, and C-reactive protein (CRP) by immunoturbidimetry for each subject. The sTfR-F index was determined by calculating the sTfR/log ferritin ratio. The statistical test used was Chi2. Results: Regardless of the inflammatory syndrome, we determined 3.80%, 30.29%, and 42.70% iron deficiency based on the separate interpretation of ferritin concentration, sTfR, and sTfR-F calculation, respectively. We used those biomarkers in addition to CRP in an algorithm for the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Subjects without inflammatory syndrome, had iron deficiency of 2.89% (n = 26). Taking into account the presence of an inflammatory syndrome, the frequency obtained was n = 88 (9.78%). Overall, iron deficiency was diagnosed in 114 (12.67%) patients when we used the diagnostic algorithm. Conclusion: The use of diagnostic algorithms combining several biomarkers of iron metabolism and taking into account the presence or absence of an inflammatory syndrome is a good approach to detect a large number of iron deficiencies in a population. Therefore, an assessment of the effectiveness of different diagnostic algorithms is necessary.

Abundance and Source Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments of the Ivory Coastal Zone (Toukouzou Hozalem-Assinie)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are strongly associated with agricultural, residential, transportation, industrial and petroleum activities. In this study, the presence of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) was investigated in sediments of the ivory coastal zone (Toukouzou Hozalem-Assinie). The main objectives of this study were to determine the abundance and to predict the source of PAHs in the sediments. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze sixteen priority PAHs. Total PAHs concentrations were from 1.31 to 3992.68 mg/kg in sediment with an average concentration of (307.54 ± 16.10) mg/kg. Among all PAHs, Naphthalene (Nap = 332.72 mg/kg) and Phenanthrene (Phe = 41.75 mg/kg) were found in the highest concentration, whereas Benzo (k) Fluoranthene was found in the least concentration in the range of 0 - 0.85 mg/kg (mean 0.24 mg/kg). Bassam-Modeste Lagune (BML) sampling site was the site with the highest concentration of total PAHs (all 16 PAHs) compared to the others due to their location in a highly populated estuary area that receives commercial, tourism, port, petroleum and heavy industrial activities. Diagnostic ratios were used to determine the sources of PAHs and suggested that the PAH profile in the sediments was dominated by 2 and 3 ring PAHs. The patterns of PAH compounds in sediment indicated that contamination is from mixed sources, with a strong indication of petrogenic contamination potentially from spills of fuel, oil and industrial activities.

Key drivers of ecosystem recovery after disturbance in a neotropical forest Long-term lessons from the Paracou experiment, French Guiana

Background： Natural disturbance is a fundamental component of the functioning of tropical rainforests let to natural dynamics, with tree mortality the driving force of forest renewal. With ongoing global （i.e. land-use and climate） changes, tropical forests are currently facing deep and rapid modifications in disturbance regimes that may hamper their recovering capacity so that developing robust predictive model able to predict ecosystem resilience and recovery becomes of primary importance for decision-making： （i） Do regenerating forests recover faster than mature forests given the same level of disturbance？ （ii） is the local topography an important predictor of the post-disturbance forest trajectories？ （iii） Is the community functional composition, assessed with community weighted-mean functional traits, a good predictor of carbon stock recovery？ （iv） How important is the climate stress （seasonal drought and/or soil water saturation） in shaping the recovery trajectory？ Methods： Paracou is a large scale forest disturbance experiment set up in 1984 with nine 6.25 ha plots spanning on a large disturbance gradient where 15 to 60% of the initial forest ecosystem biomass were removed. More than 70,000 trees belonging to ca. 700 tree species have then been censused every 2 years up today. Using this unique dataset, we aim at deciphering the endogenous （forest structure and composition） and exogenous （local environment and climate stress） drivers of ecosystem recovery in time. To do so, we disentangle carbon recovery into demographic processes （recruitment, growth, mortality fluxes） and cohorts （recruited trees, survivors）. Results： Variations in the pre-disturbance forest structure or in local environment do not shape significantly the ecosystem recovery rates. Variations in the pre-disturbance forest composition and in the post-disturbance climate significantly change the forest recovery trajectory. Pioneer-rich forests have slower recovery rates than assemblages of late-successional species. Soil water saturation during the wet season strongly impedes ecosystem recovery but not seasonal drought. From a sensitivity analysis, we highlight the pre-disturbance forest composition and the post-disturbance climate conditions as the primary factors controlling the recovery trajectory. Conclusions＂ Highly-disturbed forests and secondary forests because they are composed of a lot of pioneer species will be less able to cope with new disturbance. In the context of increasing tree mortality due to both （i） severe droughts imputable to climate change and （ii） human-induced perturbations, tropical forest management should focus on reducing disturbances by developing Reduced Impact Logging techniques.

Assessment of Health Risks Related to Contamination of Groundwater by Trace Metal Elements (Hg, Pb, Cd, As and Fe) in the Department of Zouan-Hounien (West Côte d’Ivoire)

In the department of Zouan-Hounien, gold mining is booming. This activity, marked by the excavation of rocks and the use of chemicals such as mercury, is likely to contaminate the region’s groundwater resources and expose populations to serious diseases. This study aims to assess the health risks associated with the consumption of this water by the population. To this end, 72 groundwater samples were taken in eight (08) villages of the department at the rate of forty-six (46) well water samples and twenty-six (26) borehole water samples. A total of twenty-twenty-three wells and thirteen boreholes were sampled during two campaigns. An atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) was used to determine the concentrations of metallic trace elements (MTEs), such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), and iron (Fe) in the different samples. The daily exposure doses for oral ingestion (CDIing) and skin contact (Expderm) were calculated. The non-carcinogenic (HQ) and carcinogenic risks (CR) were estimated. The results show that the mean concentrations of Fe, Pb, Hg, As and Cd are respectively 2233.48 > 3.10 > 0.60 > 1.18 > 0.08 μg·L-1 in the wells and 2427.94 > 4.08 > 1.27 > 1.76 > 0.08 μg·L-1 in boreholes. Evaluating the risks to human health reveals that the mean values of hazard quotient (HQ) and cancer risk (CR) for all the elements in the wells and boreholes are lower than 1 and 10-4 respectively in children and adults for oral and dermal exposure. However, at the oral exposure level, 9 wells and 6 boreholes recorded HQ and CR above the defined critical limits. These values indicate that the occurrence of non-cancerous and cancerous diseases in populations consuming these waters by contamination with mercury and arsenic is not excluded. Dermal exposure to MTEs also poses no potential health risk to the population.

Spatio-Temporal Pulsating Dissipative Solitons through Collective Variable Methods

A semi-analytical approach for the pulsating solutions of the 3D complex Cubic-quintic Ginzburg-Landau Equation (CGLE) is presented in this article. A collective variable approach is used to obtain a system of variational equations which give the evolution of the light pulses parameters as a function of the propagation distance. The collective coordinate approach is incomparably faster than the direct numerical simulation of the propagation equation. This allows us to obtain, efficiently, a global mapping of the 3D pulsating soliton. In addition it allows describing the influence of the parameters of the equation on the various physical parameters of the pulse and their dynamics.

Sensitivity of Solar Photovoltaic Panel Efficiency to Weather and Dust over West Africa: Comparative Experimental Study between Niamey (Niger) and Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)

Energy demand is increasing while we are facing a depletion of fossils fuels, the main source of energy production in the world. These last years, photovoltaic (PV) system technologies are growing rapidly among alternative sources of energy to contribute to mitigation of climate change. However, PV system efficiency researches operating under West African weather conditions are nascent. The first objective of this study is to investigate the sensitivity of common monocrystalline PV efficiency to local meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, solar radiation) in two contrasted cities over West Africa: Niamey (Niger) in a Sahelian arid area and Abidjan (Cote d’Ivoire) in atropical humid area. The second objective is to quantify the effect of dust accumulation on PV efficiency in Niamey (Niger). The preliminary results show that PV efficiency is more sensitive to high temperature change especially under Niamey climate conditions (warmer than Abidjan) where high ambient temperatures above 33°C lead to an important decrease of PV efficiency. Increase of relative humidity induces a decrease of PV efficiency in both areas (Niamey and Abidjan). A power loss up to 12.46% is observed in Niamey after 21 days of dust accumulation.

Epidemiologic Transition and Heart Failure in Black African Adults

The objective of this study is to report clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic data on heart failure for the evaluation of its cardiovascular risk factors and causes at the Institute of Cardiology of Abidjan and the National Police Hospital. Patients and Methods: The 12-month prospective study included 989 patients who were diagnosed with heart failure at the Institute of Cardiology of Abidjan and the Heart Department of the National Police Hospital in Cote d’Ivoire. Results: The mean age of the patients was 55 ± 12 years. Patients ≤ 50 years, aged 50 and 70 years, and ≥ 70 years were 42%, 60%, and 18%, respectively. The major cardiovascular risk factors were high blood pression (60%), smoking (19%), type 2 diabetes (11%), and hypercholesterolemia (8%). The status of 11% of HIV positive patients were ignored upon admission to the Heart Hospitals. Severe kidney failure (25%) was found in all hypertensive patients. Atrial fibrillation patients and sinus rhythm subjects were 20% and 80%, respectively. The average duration of QRS was 102 ± 24 ms. 20% of patients had a complete left bundle branch block. The mean of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 35.8% ± 13%. The LVEF was? ≤ 45% in 57% of cases and ≤ 30% in 30% of cases. The identified causes of heart failure were ischemic heart disease (60%), hypertensive heart disease (20%), and rheumatic valvulopathy (12%). Among the patients with ischemic heart disease, 80% were infarction. The coronarography and the myocardial revascularization were performed in 50% of cases. The primitive cardiomyopathy was diagnosed in 15% of cases. The average follow-up was 12.6 ± 8 months. 18% of patients died, 14% of whom deceased within 1 year after the initial diagnosis and 5% of death occurred in 19 months following the first symptoms of heart failure. The end stage of heart failure (13%) was the most frequent cause of death followed by the sudden death (5%) and the terminal kidney failure (2%). The patients were rehospitalized for heart failure (28 cases) and for ischemic stroke during the follow-up. The functional New York Heart Association score of patients was II in 39%, III in 43%, and IV in 18% at 1 month after admission.Conclusion: The heart failure is a major public health issue in Cote d’Ivoire as in many other African countries. The prevalence of ischemic heart disease as the leading cause of heart failure is certainly the reflection of the epidemiologic transition and the advent of the coronarography in the technical platform of the Abidjan Institute of Cardiology. The rapid evolution of the epidemiologic pattern of the heart failure in association with the increasing frequency of cardiovascular risk factors should contribute to implement study and prevention strategies against cardiovascular diseases in Cote d’Ivoire and in Africa.

Antioxidant Activity and Hepatoprotective Effect of an Aqueous Extract of <i>Alchornea cordifolia</i>Leaves

Alchornea cordifolia is a medicinal plant, whose ethanolic and methanolic extracts have shown antioxidant activity which could confer hepatoprotective effect, knowing that liver cells are attacked by free radicals. The hepatoprotective effect of these extracts has been demonstrated in models of hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol high doses in animals. However, anti-tubercular drugs at the usual dose present hepatotoxicity risk. Could Alchornea cordifolia help to limit hepatotoxicity induced by anti-tubercular drugs? This work aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and the hepatoprotective effect of an aqueous extract of A. cordifolia leaves (AEAC). The antioxidant activity of A. cordifolia leaves was studied in vitro by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals scavenging assay and by the iron reduction ability. A phytochemical screening was carried out to identify the chemical groups that could be responsible for this activity. The hepatoprotective effect was demonstrated in a model of hepatotoxicity induced by isoniazid and rifampicin in rats. Two hours after induction of hepatotoxicity, the animals were orally administered the AEAC at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg for 10 consecutive days. A blood sample was taken on the 11th day for the evaluation of transaminases, markers of hepatic cytolysis. A totally of 96 rats were used in this study. AEAC showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. Administrated alone, aqueous extract of A. cordifolia leaves didn’t modificate the transaminases, isoniazid and the isoniazid + rifampicin combination resulted in increasing transaminases (ALT and AST) by more than 48%. AEAC at 800 mg/kg reduced AST and ALT levels by more than 45%. AEAC at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg decreased ALT more than 40%. Knowing that antioxidant activity protects liver, the AEAC may by its antioxidant activity, contribute to protect against the hepatotoxicity induced by anti-tubercular drugs in the rat.

NBO Analysis by ONIOM and DFT (B3LYP) Calculations of Intramolecular and Intermolecular Interactions of Artemisinin, Quinine and Thirteen Manzamenones with H2O or Alanine

This work was undertaken to analyze intramolecular and intermolecular interactions of Manzamenones from natural bond orbitals (NBO method). For their use in the treatment of malaria, the results of these molecules are compared to those of Artemisinin and Quinine. Manzamenones are a class of atypical fatty acids. They are isolated from a marine sponge of the genus Plakortis kenyensis. The analysis of intramolecular interactions compares the results of each molecule (Manzamenones, Artemisinin and Quinine) in the non-complexed state with those of its complex with a water molecule. Thus, for the same electron donors (i) and associated acceptors (j), the electron density (ED), stabilization energy E2 related to the delocalization of i to j, the energies of the NBO orbitals εi and εj of the donor and acceptor, respectively, and element of the Fock matrix Fi,j are determined and compared. The change in E2 is used to deduce whether or not the molecule is stabilized after complex formation. These analyses allowed to match each Manzamenone to one of the two antimalarials. The intermolecular interactions were analyzed, for each molecule (Manzamenones, Artemisinin and Quinine), in two complexes. These complexes are obtained with a water molecule on the one hand and with an alanine molecule on the other hand. For these interactions, the electron donor and its electron density, the electron acceptor and its electron density as well as the donor—acceptor stabilization energy have been calculated. The ONIOM 2 method is used to study Manzamenones. Theoretical calculations were done using density functional theory (B3LYP) by combining one of the two function bases 6-31++G(d,p) and 6-31+G(d,p).

Does Haptoglobin Phenotype Impact Infection Mortality?

Introduction: The physiological status of a subject and the pathophysiology in some diseases might be under the influence of haptoglobin phenotype. The objective of this work was to determine the relationship between mortality from HIV/AIDS infection and haptoglobin phenotype in a black population in C&#244;te d’Ivoire. Methods: The study was conducted from a retrospective panel of 933 sera/plasma from the previous workup of the ANRS 12136 TEMPRANO trial at month 0 of patients in deferred-ART arms. For each subject, we determined the serum haptoglobin concentration, haptoglobin phenotype, and other variables from patient files from the TEMPRANO trial database. Statistical tests used were Chi-2, Fischer, and Kruskal-Wallis tests for non-gaussian distribution. We used the Kaplan-Meier method for survival analysis. Results: The distributions of the haptoglobin phenotypes were 32.3% for Hp 1-1, 39.5% for Hp 2-1 and 27.2% for Hp 2-2. The blood haptoglobin concentration seemed to be associated with haptoglobin phenotypes (p-value > 5%). The survival rate at M30 and for an extended follow-up up to 6 years was independent of haptoglobin phenotype (p-value > 5%). Besides, the haptoglobin phenotypes do not appear to be associated with CD4+ T-cell count and with hemoglobin concentration. Conclusion: Haptoglobin phenotype seems to not impact the mortality of HIV/AIDS infection. However, given the antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties of some haptoglobin phenotypes, it would be relevant to seek out possible confounding factors indirectly associated with haptoglobin phenotypes and clinical or biological infection variables.

Fighting Poor Quality Medicines: Development, Transfer and Validation of Generic HPLC Methods for Analyzing Two WHO Recommended Antimalarial Tablets

As serious but neglected public health problems, poor quality medicines, i.e. for antimalarial medicines, urged to be fought. One of the approaches is to consider the analytical chemistry and separative techniques. In this study, a generic liquid chromatographic method was firstly developed for the purpose of screening 8 antimalarial active ingredients, namely amodiaquine (AQ), piperaquine (PPQ), sulfalene (SL), pyrimethamine (PM), lumefantrine (LF), artesunate (AS), artemether (AM) and dihydroartemisinine (DHA) by applying DoE/DS optimization strategy. Since the method was not totally satisfying in terms of peak separation, further experiments were undergone applying the same development strategy while splitting the 8 ingredients into five groups. Excellent prediction was observed prior to correlation between retention times of predicted and observed separation conditions. Then, a successful geometric transfer was realized to reduce the analysis time focusing on the simultaneous quantification of two WHO’s recommended ACTs in anti-malarial fixed-dose combination (AM-LF and AS-AQ) in tablets. The optimal separation was achieved using an isocratic elution of methanol-ammonium formate buffer (pH 2.8;10 mM) (82.5:17.5, v/v) at 0.6 ml/min through a C18 column (100 mm × 3.5 mm, 3.5 μm) thermostated at 25℃. After a successful validation stage based on the total error approach, the method was applied to determine the content of AM/LF or AS/AQ in seven brands of antimalarial tablets currently marketed in West, Central and East Africa. Satisfying results were obtained compared to the claimed contents.

Magnetic Facies and Polymetallic Sulphides Deposit in the Mafic and Ultramafic Intrusions of Samapleu (Western Côte d’Ivoire)

Mafic and ultramafic intrusions observed in the Archean formations of the Sipilou region exhibit occurrences of polymetallic sulphide. Mapping, petrographic and geochemical studies have defined magnetic facies associated with the various geological units. The results of this work reveal that cupronickel sulphides, olivines and pyroxenes as well as spinels are related to ultrabasic formations where strong magnetic facies prevail. Iron sulphides and magnetite are linked to quartzo-feldspathic and jotunite-enderbite formations, which are characterised by moderate magnetic facies. The latter are thought to be derived from anatexite remobilisation within Archean granulites, which have weak magnetic facies.

Prevalence of Malocclusions and Normative Orthodontic Treatment Need Using IOTN Index for Patients in Yalgado Ouédraogo Teaching Hospital

Introduction: The assessment of health care needs must be reproducible, independent of the operator, hence the use of indexes like the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). The aim of this study was to assess both, the prevalence of malocclusions among patients received in the Dental Surgery Unitat Yalgado Ouédraogo Teaching Hospital and their care needs according to IOTN index. Materials and Methods: It is a prospective, cross-cutting diagnostic study of malocclusions at Yalgado Ouédraogo Teaching Hospital (CHUYO), conducted from January 1 to December 31, 2016. The examiner with an examination tray records on the 12- to 16-year-old patients’ medical recorded, the variables based on the polychromatic pictures series, the IOTN rule, and the dental health component table. Results: On the whole, 81 patients were included, with 60.5% of girls and 39.5% of boys. 16- and 12-year-old patients were dominant. The average age was 14.05 years old. Various types of malocclusions were encountered. The need for orthodontic care was 56.8%. For 14 patients, 17.28%, their aesthetic component score is higher than the assessment made by the orthodontist. Conclusion: Aesthetics was an important factor in the need for orthodontic care. The aesthetic deficit entails a psychological impact that should be taken into account in the assessment of care needs.

Crisis of Management of Household Waste in Abidjan, The Answer of the Informal Private Precollectors in the Municipality of Yopougon (Côte d’Ivoire)

The present contribution aims at helping the Mayors to implement a less expensive and effective system of management of household refuse to Yopougon. Indeed, the incapacity of service providers to be assured the collection of the garbage and the failure of their systems of pre-collection favored the emergence of the informal private precollectors in the municipality of Yopougon. The regularity of the interventions of these new actors, the affordable cost of their services and the living environment daily freed the garbage incites the households to request them because they succeed better where service providers failed. Such an activity will have to be better organized because of supplier employment.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Characterization of Clay Paste under Loads for Energy Saving in Clay Materials Processing

Requirements for the respect of the environment encourage to reduce the impact of human activity on the nature. Civil engineering answers these requirements by the development of ecological construction materials. This paper deals with the transformation of clay raw materials which enable the processing of environmentally friendly construction materials: in addition to their biodegradability, the alveolar fired clay materials allow energy saving in home heating thanks to their thermal isolation properties. But their manufacturing is a high energy consumption process, in particular during compaction, drying and firing which contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases. The goal of this paper is to study the rheology of clay pastes in order to develop low energy in manufacturing processes. For this purpose, theoretical and experimental approaches were carried out on six clay varieties. In the theoretical approach, a finite element (FE) simulation model has been developed for pressing a non-rigid material predicting deformations and stresses occurring within the clay structure. Experiments have then been carried out to validate the finite element modelling. In this experimental approach, the clay pastes were transformed with water content respecting the Atterberg limits which determine the plasticity of clays. The samples compaction has been carried out under variable loadings in order to determine the suitable low energy consumption loading.

Petro-Structural Study of Paragneiss in the SASCA Domain(GbowéSector at Grand-Bereby),Southwestern Cote d’Ivoire

The petrographic and structural study of Gbowé (Grand-Béréby) formations located in the SASCA domain (South-West of C&#244te d’Ivoire) revealed migmatitic paragneisses. For an in-depth understanding of the petrographic, structural and metamorphic characteristics, six (6) thin sections were made from these paragneisses. These gneisses are characterized by paleosomes and neosomes (leucosome and melanosome), consisting of quartz, garnet, plagioclase, biotite, cordierite, sillimanite, myrmekite and microcline. The mineralogical assemblage thus described indicates a retrograde metamorphism (transition from granulitic facies to amphibolitic facies). The structural and microstructural study identified two types of deformation (ductile and brittle). The ductile deformation is characterized by phases D1 (NE-SW flattening) and D2 (NW-SE flattening), materialized by foliations (N140&#730, N050&#730), folds (asymmetrical folds, similar folds, concentric folds, ptymatic folds) and boudins. Fracture schistosity and fold fracture schistosity are characteristic of the brittle deformation (phase D3). The microstructural study coupled with the metamorphic study shows that the deformations had an impact on the texture of the minerals (recrystallization and mineral reactions). It also allowed giving the paragenesis of phases D1 and D2. The D1 phase is characterized by garnet1, biotite1, quartz1, sillimanite1 and cordierite1 and the D2 phase is characterized by garnet1, quartz2, sillimanite2, biotite2, garnet2 and orthose2. These parageneses thus highlighted bear witness to a polydeformation and polymorphism that affects the study area.

Assessment of Knowledge,Attitudes and Practices of Food Handlers in Attieke Production Units in Relation to Food Hygiene and Safety in Cote d’Ivoire in 2012

The aims of this study were to investigate the food safety knowledge and practices of food handlers and to assess the sanitary conditions of attieke production units in the South of C?te d’Ivoire. A cross-sectional study was conducted during 4 months in 2012 in 7 localities and data were collected using questionnaire and observation checklist and microbiological analysis of hands. A total of 775 attieke production units were involved in this survey. Seventy-one percent (71%) were located on public domains and only 70 production units (9%) used septic tank as a mean of final deposal for liquid waste. Hygiene conditions and practices of food handlers in attieke production units were inadequate. The presence of specific microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter agglomerans, Citrobacter youngae, Klebsiella oxytoca and Citrobacter freundi was indicative of a degree of ignorance on the part of food handlers towards proper hygienic practices.