Grazing Pressure and Plant Functional Types in Puna Highlands,Northwestern Argentina

The Puna grasslands support grazing systems that produce meat and wool in multi-species herds,especially from llama(Lama glama)and sheep.However,it is yet unknown whether grazing pressure can modify grassland structure and Plant Functional Types diversity and cover in Puna grasslands.We analyzed the relationship between grazing pressure and Plant Functional Types by comparing transects located near stockyards(high grazing pressure)and far from them(low pressure)and by evaluating the relationship between the Plant Functional Types cover to a Grazing Pressure Index(GPI).This index incorporates the heterogeneity of traditional pastoral management.At two ecological sites(Ciénego and Tolar),we sampled paired transects(near-far).Plots near and far from corrals were similar in all the variables measured except for plots in Tolar,which tend to have higher total cover,possibly due to fecal fertilization near stockyards.Furthermore,we recorded an increase in total cover and grass cover at higher GPI in Ciénego,while in Tolar we found lower values of total cover and herbaceous dicotyledonous cover at intermediate intensities of GPI.The only negative relationship found was the cover of clonal and non-clonal shrubs,possibly explained by the greater use of these shrubs as firewood near stockyards.In summary,our study does not show important changes in Plant Functional Types as a function of grazing pressure in the studied grasslands probably because grazing pressure is diluted or diminished when livestock rotates in different areas and grazing durations vary.Finally,the long grazing history with which the Puna has evolved could also contribute to the co-structuration between native vegetation and livestock farming.

天地之间 Hub of huts水疗中心

Hubofhuts水疗中心是noa*事务所在南蒂罗尔新近落成的一个项目,其建筑造型很容易让人联想到事务所设计生涯的开篇之作--坐落在奥朗的Hubertus酒店。继标志性的悬臂式泳池之后,又一个全新的悬挂式平台,通过打破传统康养建筑的概念挑战重力定律。

山峰 意大利奥林匹克温泉酒店扩建项目

奥林匹克水疗酒店坐落于意大利北部的瓦尔迪法萨,该酒店的历史可以追溯到1963年。noa*建筑事务所受邀为酒店实施扩建计划,其设计方案旨在通过“模仿式”可持续的干预模式,增加酒店空间,完善功能设施,并将酒店与周围景观相融合。该扩建计划包括全新的附属设施和1间桑拿浴室。设计师希望通过扩建,为酒店带来更好的发展前景,并为住店客人提供沉浸在多洛米蒂风景中的美好体验。

黄河泥沙充填复垦中土工布排水拦沙效果的模拟试验

为验证土工布用于加速引黄河泥沙充填采煤沉陷地的后期侧向排水及降低排水中泥沙含量的效果,在室内进行了基于土工布的泥沙充填排水模拟试验。该试验在玻璃槽内完成,设计3个试验处理,分别为ZT-250(整个断面开口+铁丝网+ZW-250土工布)、ZT-300(整个断面开口+铁丝网+ZW-300土工布)以及CK(断面中间部分开口+可调节高度的塑料板)。测定了3个处理的排水含沙量及泥沙粒径、玻璃槽内表层泥沙粒径以及充填表层和底层泥沙含水率随时间的变化。结果表明:1)3种处理排水含沙量整体差异较小,但使用土工布处理的排水含沙量随时间的延长逐渐降低,而对照处理排水含沙量随时间的延长逐渐增大;2)排水初期和中期,对照CK的排水中泥沙的黏粒含量均高于使用土工布的2个处理。排水后期CK的黏粒含量介于处理ZT-250和ZT-300之间。随着试验的进行,使用土工布的2个处理排水中泥沙的黏粒含量逐渐升高,粉粒含量逐渐降低,而对照处理呈现相反的变化趋势。使用土工布的2个处理拦沙效果较为稳定。3)3种处理充填表层泥沙粒径级配无明显差异,但使用土工布处理充填的表层泥沙的极细砂粒含量较高。4)3种处理充填泥沙表层和底层含水率变化存在差异,使用土工布可以加速泥沙中过饱和水的排除,其中处理ZT-250排水效果最好。该研究可为中国东部高潜水位平原矿区采煤沉陷地引黄河泥沙充填复垦的快速排水工艺革新提供依据。

美国持证康复注册护士认证制度和启示

世界卫生组织（World Health Organization，WHO）指出，康复是为病、伤、残者提供所需工具来帮助他们重获独立和自我决策能力，使他们达到和保持最高生理、感知、智能、心理和社会功能水平。

Review of U.S.Apparel and Textile Imports From China and Three Other Regions,1995-2006

This project is to evaluate the benefits of the MFN status and the consequences of non-MFN renewal on trades between China and the United States.This paper also reveals the effects of quota removal on clothing and textile products on international trades between the United States,China,Hong Kong,Taiwan,and India.Data analyses,statistics,and charts,the changes in China’s number of exports to the United States,in particular,the apparel and textile sectors were selected to analyze from 1995 to 2005.

Microphysical Properties of Rainwater in Typhoon Usagi(2013):A Numerical Modeling Study

A 2-km resolution simulation using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Morrison microphysics was employed to investigate the rainwater microphysical properties during different stages of Typhoon Usagi(2013) in the inner-core and outer region. The model reproduced the track, intensity, and overall structure of Usagi(2013) reasonably. The simulated raindrop size distribution showed a rapid increase in small-size raindrop concentration but an oscillated decrease in large-size ones in the inner-core region, corresponding well with the upward motion. It was found that there existed two levels(1.25 and 5.25 km) of maximum number concentration of raindrops. The ice-related microphysics at high levels was stronger than the warm-rain processes at low levels. The larger raindrops formed by self-collection in the inner-core suffered from significant breakup, but the raindrops outside the eyewall did not experience evident breakup. Model results indicated that the dominant terms in the water vapor budget were the horizontal moisture flux convergence(HFC) and local condensation and deposition. The evaporation from the ocean surface(PBL) was ~10% of the HFC in the inner core, but up to 40% in the outer region as the air therein was far from saturation. Furthermore, water vapor in the outer region was obtained equally through evaporation from the cloud and inward transportation from the environment. An earlier start of cloud microphysical processes in the inner-core region was evident during the intensification stage, and the continuous decreasing of condensation in both the inner-core and outer regions might imply the beginning of the storm weakening.

A High-resolution Simulation of Supertyphoon Rammasun(2014)--Part Ⅰ:Model Verification and Surface Energetics Analysis

A 72-h high-resolution simulation of Supertyphoon Rammasun （2014） is performed using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model. The model covers an initial 18-h spin-up, the 36-h rapid intensification （RI） period in the northern South China Sea, and the 18-h period of weakening after landfall. The results show that the model reproduces the track, intensity, structure of the storm, and environmental circulations reasonably well. Analysis of the surface energetics under the storm indicates that the storm＇s intensification is closely related to the net energy gain rate （eg）, defined as the difference between the energy production （PD） due to surface entropy flux and the energy dissipation （Ds） due to surface friction near the radius of maximum wind （RMW）. Before and during the RI stage, the ~：g is high, indicating sufficient energy supply for the storm to intensify. However, the Sg decreases rapidly as the storm quickly intensifies, because the Ds increases more rapidly than the PD near the RMW. By the time the storm reaches its peak intensity, the Ds is about 20% larger than the PD near the RMW, leading to a local energetics deficit under the eyewall. During the mature stage, the PD and Ds can reach a balance within a radius of 86 km from the storm center （about 2.3 times the RMW）. This implies that the local PD under the eyewall is not large enough to balance the Ds, and the radially inward energy transport from outside the eyewall must play an important role in maintaining the storm＇s intensity, as well as its intensification.

Systematic review of macular ganglion cell complex analysis using spectral domain optical coherence tomography for glaucoma assessment

AIM: To review the use of spectral domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT) for macular retinal ganglion cells(RGC) and ganglion cell complex(GCC) measurement in glaucoma assessment, specifically for early detection and detection of disease progression. METHODS: A systematic review was performed by searching Pub Med, Medline, and Web of Science for articles published in English through July 2014 describing the various macular SD-OCT scanning strategies developed for glaucoma assessment. The review focused on papers evaluating the use of macular RGC/GCC SDOCT to detect early glaucoma and its progression. The search included keywords corresponding to the index test(macular ganglion cell/RGC/GCC/Spectral domain OCT), the target condition(glaucoma), and diagnostic performance. The RGC/GCC SD-OCT scanning strategies used to assess glaucoma of most commonly used SD-OCT instruments were described and compared. These included the Cirrus high definition-OCT(Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA, United States), RTVue(Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA, United States), Spectralis(Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) and the 3D OCT 2000(Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Studies focusing on the ability of RGC/GCC SD-OCT to detect early glaucomatous damage and on the correlation between glaucomatous progression and RGC/GCC measurement by SD-OCT were reviewed.RESULTS: According to the literature, macular RGC/GCC SD-OCT has high diagnostic power of preperimetric glaucoma, reliable discrimination ability to differentiate between healthy eyes and glaucomatous eyes, with good correlation with visual filed damage. The current data suggests that it may serve as a sensitive detection tool for glaucomatous structural progression even with mild functional progression as the rate of change of RGC/GCC thickness was found to be significantly higher in progressing than in stable eyes. Glaucoma assessment with RGC/GCC SD-OCT was comparable with and sometimes better than circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurement.CONCLUSION: An increasing body of evidence supports using macular RGC/GCC thickness as an indicator for early glaucoma. This might be a useful tool for monitoring disease progression.

Hotspot of Adult Cuban Treefrog and Cane Toad Multi-organ Abnormality in Suburban South-west Florida

This study represents a continuation of the Florida hotspot of tadpole abnormality found in the Southwest Florida suburban roadside drainage ditches in 2012 to determine if the adult frogs and toads frequenting the study sites were anatomically abnormal.The gross examination of all organs included 397 adult anurans and 40 metamorphs representing five anuran species:Osteopilus septentrionalis(N=364),Rhinella marina(N=60),Lithobates sphenocephala(N=7),Anaxyrus terrestris(N=5)and Anaxyrus americanus(N=1).The gonads,liver,kidney and intestines were abnormal at a frequency of 87.4%.The few normal anurans(12.6%)were females and young male adults.We found a significant difference in organ abnormality type and f requency between sexes.Almost all f rog and toad males had testicular abnormality(92%)with only 6%with normal testes,whereas the female gonad abnormality was lower,at 41.6%.Hermaphroditism was found in both sexes at a frequency of 26.2%.The toads had a significantly higher frequency of hermaphroditism than the frogs.The toad hermaphroditism frequency was found to be 40%,whereas the frog hermaphroditism 23.3%.A hermaphrodite Cane toad male with a female phenotype coexisted with the normal male phenotype hermaphrodite.The fertility of 27 in situ pairs was assessed.The fertile testicular abnormal male and hermaphrodite pairs produced offspring with abnormal larval morphology.This information adds new evidence of the effect of chemicals on wild populations and the effect on non-target species which has always been underestimated.

Period-One Rotating Solutions of Horizontally Excited Pendulum Based on Iterative Harmonic Balance

In this study, the iterative harmonic balance method was used to develop analytical solutions of period-one rotations of a pendulum driven horizontally by harmonic excitations. The performance of the method was evaluated by two criteria, one based on the system energy error and the other based on the global residual error. As a comparison, analytical solutions based on the multi-scale method were also considered. Numerical solutions obtained from the Dormand-Prince method (ODE45 in MATLAB&#169) were used as the baseline for evaluation. It was found that under lower-level excitations, the multi-scale method performed better than the iterative method. At higher-level excitations, however, the performance of the iterative method was noticeably more accurate.

虚拟审核的特点及风险应对

在目前审核中遇到的虚拟场所越来越多,由于虚拟场所存在的信息来源、传递、真实性等问题,给获取真实的审核证据带来挑战。本文从虚拟审核的特点入手,分析审核中面临的风险并给出解决方案,供虚拟审核时参考。

Hematopoietic stem cells are a critical sub-population of whole bone marrow in the treatment of myocardial infarction

Recent studies suggest that whole bone marrow (WBM) derived stem cells may facilitate recovery following myocardial infarction. However, the sub-population of WBM responsible for recovery remains uncertain. By adjusting the abundance of CD34+LinNeg cells in human bone marrow we examined the relative significance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in the recovery of cardiac function in a murine model of induced myocardial infarction. Enrichment of HSC by ~100-fold in WBM transplanted into mice significantly increased recovery of heart function and reduced scar size compared to transplantation of WBM depleted in HSC by ~10-fold (P P < 0.01 respectively). Peri-infarct capillary density was significantly increased in recipients of HSC-enriched samples (P < 0.01) or WBM samples (P < 0.01) compared to controls. These results strongly suggest?a critical role for HSC in the effective treatment of myocardial infarction with human bone marrow, and imply that enrichment of HSC may markedly benefit the clinical application of WBM treatments.

Measuring the Social Net Benefits of COVID-19 Restrictions: The Case of Reduced Vehicle Use in a Pollution-Prone Region of Utah

A number of natural experiments have recently found that COVID-19 restrictions imposed in nations worldwide are correlated with short-term reductions—in some cases dramatic reductions—in mobile-source air pollutants. Noticeably absent from these studies are estimates of the social net benefits associated with the changes in human behavior underlying the pandemic-induced effects. Using readily available data provided by the state of Utah and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Co-Benefits Risk Assessment Health Impacts Screening and Mapping Tool (COBRA), we find that daily social net benefit was positive during a pandemic-induced shutdown from March to April, 2020 in Utah’s Wasatch Front region solely when COBRA’s “high” health benefit estimate from combined reductions in PM2.5 and NOx concentrations are weighed against the region’s “low” vehicle-trip cost estimate. All other scenarios correspond with negative net benefit estimates, i.e., when high and low benefit estimates of reductions solely in PM2.5 concentrations as well as for combined reductions in PM2.5 and NOx concentrations are weighed against the region’s high vehicle-trip cost estimate. Generally speaking, social net benefits are higher for two of the Wasatch Front’s four counties.

Factors Affecting DMO’s Website Use Intention, and Visiting Intention: A SEM Model on the Impact of E-Destination Image and DMO’s Website Design

The aim of this study is to identify and analyze ways to increase usage of destination website and motivate website visitors’intention to actually visit the destination.The sample population is South Koreans who visit the VisitBritain website,the homepage of Britain’s national tourism agency.The data for this study were collected by a self-participated online survey on the blog of VisitBritain Korea,which is directly linked to the VisitBritain Korea website.Using structural equation modeling,six hypotheses were tested.The results show that the destination image on the destination marketing organization(DMO)website,quality of the destination website design including three dimensions(information quality,system quality,and service quality),and customers’satisfaction formed by high quality of the website design have a significant impact on website visitors’use intention and increase their visiting intention to the destination.Based upon the results of the analysis,managerial implications and areas for future research are proposed.

Survival effect of probiotics in a rat model of colorectal cancer treated with capecitabine

BACKGROUND Probiotics are used to manage a number of gastrointestinal disorders due to their beneficial properties.Clinical reports showed that probiotics also improve the life quality of patients with colorectal cancer(CRC)subjected to oncologic treatment.In a CRC animal model,probiotics supplementation has the potential to decrease the formation of aberrant crypts and ameliorate tumor malignancy,enhancing the antitumor effect of 5-fluorouracil(5-FU)chemotherapy.Based on these data,we hypothesize that the administration of probiotics impact positively in the overall survival and life quality of rats with CRC under the treatment of capecitabine,which is the pro drug of 5-FU.AIM To evaluate the probiotics effects in a rat CRC model treated with capecitabine and followed until the end of life.METHODS 1,2-Dimethylhidrazine dihydrochloride(1,2-DMH)was employed as carcinogen inductor of CRC.Fifty male Wistar-Lewis rats were randomly assigned to one of five following groups:Control(n=5),Control+probiotics(Control-P group,n=5),1,2-DMH alone(DMH group,n=10),1,2-DMH+capecitabine(DMH-C group,n=10),1,2-DMH+probiotics(DMH-P group,n=10)and 1,2-DMH+capecitabine+probiotics(DMH-C-P group,n=10).All parametric data were expressed as the mean±SD.The statistical significance of differences was analyzed using one-way ANOVA.Data were analyzed with InfoStat software.The results were considered statistically significant at P<0.05.Overall survival was evaluated with the Kaplan-Meier estimator with the log-rank test.RESULTS The data of mean overall survival for DMH,DMH-P,DMH-C,DMH-C-P,Control and Control-P groups were 250 d[95%confidence interval(CI):242.5-253.1],268 d(95%CI:246.3-271.4),380 d(95%CI:337.8-421.9),480 d(95%CI:436.9-530.7),588 d(95%CI:565.8-609.3)and 590 d(95%CI:564.3-612.9),respectively,with a significant difference between DMH-C and DMH-C-P groups(P=0.001).Comparing all groups by Kaplan-Meier estimator,we found a significantly different in the overall survival of DMH and DMH-P groups respect to DMH-C(P=0.001)and DMH-C-P(P=0.001)groups;interestingly,there were no meaningful differences between Control,Control-P and DMH-C-P groups(P=0.012).The tendency of change in body weight gain of the rats at 90 d of finishing DMH administration was similar in Control group compared with DMH-C and DMHC-P groups;however,and of relevance,DMH-C-P group has experienced a higher body weight gain at the end of animal’s life than DMH-C group(P=0.001).In DMH-C-P group we found a positive effect of probiotics in clinical manifestations since diarrhea,constipation and blood stool were absenting.Also,the tumor burden was lower in DMH-C-P than DMH-C,DMH-P or DMH groups(1.25 vs 1.81 vs 3.9 vs 4.8 cm2,respectively).DMH-C and DMH-C-P groups showed only mucinous carcinoma type while in other DMH groups the tumor types were variable.However,mucinous carcinoma from DMH-C-P group showed invasion until muscularis propria layer.Interestingly,metastatic lymph node was observed in DMH,DMH-C and DMH-P groups but not in DMH-C-P.All animals in Control group died from natural causes without objective injuries.All animals of DMH and DMH-P groups died from tumor complications(i.e.,obstruction or intestinal perforation);however,this cause was seen only in 44.5%of DMH-C and DMH-C-P groups CONCLUSION Probiotics administration improves life quality of rats with CRC under capecitabine treatment and also has a positive effect in the overall survival of these animals treated with this drug.

Evaluation of the Madden-Julian oscillation in HiRAM

The aim of this study was to understand the cause of Madden–Julian oscillation(MJO)bias in the High Resolution AtmosphericModel(HiRAM)driven by observed SST through process-oriented diagnosis.Wavenumber-frequency power spectrum and composite analyses indicate that HiRAM underestimates the spectral amplitude over theMJO band and mainly produces non-propagating rather than eastward-propagating intraseasonal rainfall anomalies,as observed.Column-integrated moist static energy(MSE)budget analysis is conducted to understand the MJO propagation bias in the simulation.It is found that the bias is due to the lack of a zonally asymmetric distribution of the MSE tendency anomaly in respect to the MJO convective center,which is mainly attributable to the bias in vertical MSE advection and surface turbulent flux.Further analysis suggests that it is the unrealistic simulation of MJO vertical circulation anomalies in the upper troposphere as well as overestimation of the Rossby wave response that results in the bias.

高地小屋 意大利Zallinger小屋酒店

全新的Zallinger小屋酒店位于意大利Seiser Alm/Alpe di Siusi高原山区。最初于19世纪建在海拔2200 m高度上的Zallinger距今已经超过160年,其所在地块由意大利南蒂罗尔当地的名人Karl von Zallinger于1854年购得并开始建造房屋,1858年又增建了一处教堂,并同时将该地区改名为Sassegg,意为'巨石上的高地'。几经流转,之前作为避难所的Zallinger小屋在20世纪90年代被改建为酒店,一直营业至今。

一次穿越时间的旅行意大利Gloriette酒店

由noa＊建筑事务所设计的Gloriette酒店坐落在意大利博尔扎诺自治省一个名为雷农的小镇,酒店的前身原为一栋由当地富商出资建造的旅舍,作为整个村庄的标志性建筑,华丽的外观使其从周围乡村式的建筑群中脱颖而出。而新建的Gloriette酒店延续了之前建筑的功能,代替它成为自然景观中一颗崭新的宝石。

窝囊的唐僧何来优化团队的领导力

一个看似窝囊的唐僧，为什么能够积聚人气，获得西天取经的成功？一是取决于他善良的公心和坚定的意志，二是他营造了成就员工的环境。