AIM: To review the use of spectral domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT) for macular retinal ganglion cells(RGC) and ganglion cell complex(GCC) measurement in glaucoma assessment, specifically for early detectio...AIM: To review the use of spectral domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT) for macular retinal ganglion cells(RGC) and ganglion cell complex(GCC) measurement in glaucoma assessment, specifically for early detection and detection of disease progression. METHODS: A systematic review was performed by searching Pub Med, Medline, and Web of Science for articles published in English through July 2014 describing the various macular SD-OCT scanning strategies developed for glaucoma assessment. The review focused on papers evaluating the use of macular RGC/GCC SDOCT to detect early glaucoma and its progression. The search included keywords corresponding to the index test(macular ganglion cell/RGC/GCC/Spectral domain OCT), the target condition(glaucoma), and diagnostic performance. The RGC/GCC SD-OCT scanning strategies used to assess glaucoma of most commonly used SD-OCT instruments were described and compared. These included the Cirrus high definition-OCT(Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA, United States), RTVue(Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA, United States), Spectralis(Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) and the 3D OCT 2000(Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Studies focusing on the ability of RGC/GCC SD-OCT to detect early glaucomatous damage and on the correlation between glaucomatous progression and RGC/GCC measurement by SD-OCT were reviewed.RESULTS: According to the literature, macular RGC/GCC SD-OCT has high diagnostic power of preperimetric glaucoma, reliable discrimination ability to differentiate between healthy eyes and glaucomatous eyes, with good correlation with visual filed damage. The current data suggests that it may serve as a sensitive detection tool for glaucomatous structural progression even with mild functional progression as the rate of change of RGC/GCC thickness was found to be significantly higher in progressing than in stable eyes. Glaucoma assessment with RGC/GCC SD-OCT was comparable with and sometimes better than circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurement.CONCLUSION: An increasing body of evidence supports using macular RGC/GCC thickness as an indicator for early glaucoma. This might be a useful tool for monitoring disease progression.展开更多
A number of natural experiments have recently found that COVID-19 restrictions imposed in nations worldwide are correlated with short-term reductions—in some cases dramatic reductions—in mobile-source air pollutants...A number of natural experiments have recently found that COVID-19 restrictions imposed in nations worldwide are correlated with short-term reductions—in some cases dramatic reductions—in mobile-source air pollutants. Noticeably absent from these studies are estimates of the social net benefits associated with the changes in human behavior underlying the pandemic-induced effects. Using readily available data provided by the state of Utah and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Co-Benefits Risk Assessment Health Impacts Screening and Mapping Tool (COBRA), we find that daily social net benefit was positive during a pandemic-induced shutdown from March to April, 2020 in Utah’s Wasatch Front region solely when COBRA’s “high” health benefit estimate from combined reductions in PM<sub>2.5</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> concentrations are weighed against the region’s “low” vehicle-trip cost estimate. All other scenarios correspond with negative net benefit estimates, <i>i.e.</i>, when high and low benefit estimates of reductions solely in PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations as well as for combined reductions in PM<sub>2.5</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> concentrations are weighed against the region’s high vehicle-trip cost estimate. Generally speaking, social net benefits are higher for two of the Wasatch Front’s four counties.展开更多
在风景如画的阿尔卑斯修斯山Sciliar脚下,建筑师以谷仓为灵感打造了一处住宅。项目由意大利建筑事务所noa*(network of architecture)设计,建筑的原始结构可以追溯到185°年,设计师在致敬传统的同时又与传统保持距离,着力塑造一种...在风景如画的阿尔卑斯修斯山Sciliar脚下,建筑师以谷仓为灵感打造了一处住宅。项目由意大利建筑事务所noa*(network of architecture)设计,建筑的原始结构可以追溯到185°年,设计师在致敬传统的同时又与传统保持距离,着力塑造一种新的生活方式,一种与众不同的居住空间结构。设计师将南蒂罗尔传统元素与内部空间特征结合起来,创造出独特、充满魔力的空间氛围。展开更多
文摘AIM: To review the use of spectral domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT) for macular retinal ganglion cells(RGC) and ganglion cell complex(GCC) measurement in glaucoma assessment, specifically for early detection and detection of disease progression. METHODS: A systematic review was performed by searching Pub Med, Medline, and Web of Science for articles published in English through July 2014 describing the various macular SD-OCT scanning strategies developed for glaucoma assessment. The review focused on papers evaluating the use of macular RGC/GCC SDOCT to detect early glaucoma and its progression. The search included keywords corresponding to the index test(macular ganglion cell/RGC/GCC/Spectral domain OCT), the target condition(glaucoma), and diagnostic performance. The RGC/GCC SD-OCT scanning strategies used to assess glaucoma of most commonly used SD-OCT instruments were described and compared. These included the Cirrus high definition-OCT(Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA, United States), RTVue(Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA, United States), Spectralis(Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) and the 3D OCT 2000(Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Studies focusing on the ability of RGC/GCC SD-OCT to detect early glaucomatous damage and on the correlation between glaucomatous progression and RGC/GCC measurement by SD-OCT were reviewed.RESULTS: According to the literature, macular RGC/GCC SD-OCT has high diagnostic power of preperimetric glaucoma, reliable discrimination ability to differentiate between healthy eyes and glaucomatous eyes, with good correlation with visual filed damage. The current data suggests that it may serve as a sensitive detection tool for glaucomatous structural progression even with mild functional progression as the rate of change of RGC/GCC thickness was found to be significantly higher in progressing than in stable eyes. Glaucoma assessment with RGC/GCC SD-OCT was comparable with and sometimes better than circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurement.CONCLUSION: An increasing body of evidence supports using macular RGC/GCC thickness as an indicator for early glaucoma. This might be a useful tool for monitoring disease progression.
文摘A number of natural experiments have recently found that COVID-19 restrictions imposed in nations worldwide are correlated with short-term reductions—in some cases dramatic reductions—in mobile-source air pollutants. Noticeably absent from these studies are estimates of the social net benefits associated with the changes in human behavior underlying the pandemic-induced effects. Using readily available data provided by the state of Utah and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Co-Benefits Risk Assessment Health Impacts Screening and Mapping Tool (COBRA), we find that daily social net benefit was positive during a pandemic-induced shutdown from March to April, 2020 in Utah’s Wasatch Front region solely when COBRA’s “high” health benefit estimate from combined reductions in PM<sub>2.5</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> concentrations are weighed against the region’s “low” vehicle-trip cost estimate. All other scenarios correspond with negative net benefit estimates, <i>i.e.</i>, when high and low benefit estimates of reductions solely in PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations as well as for combined reductions in PM<sub>2.5</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> concentrations are weighed against the region’s high vehicle-trip cost estimate. Generally speaking, social net benefits are higher for two of the Wasatch Front’s four counties.
文摘在风景如画的阿尔卑斯修斯山Sciliar脚下,建筑师以谷仓为灵感打造了一处住宅。项目由意大利建筑事务所noa*(network of architecture)设计,建筑的原始结构可以追溯到185°年,设计师在致敬传统的同时又与传统保持距离,着力塑造一种新的生活方式,一种与众不同的居住空间结构。设计师将南蒂罗尔传统元素与内部空间特征结合起来,创造出独特、充满魔力的空间氛围。
