Temperature and structure measurements of heavy-ion-heated diamond using in situ X-ray diagnostics

We present in situ measurements of spectrally resolved X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction from monocrystalline diamond samples heatedwith an intense pulse of heavy ions.In this way,we determine the samples’heating dynamics and their microscopic and macroscopic structuralintegrity over a timespan of several microseconds.Connecting the ratio of elastic to inelastic scattering with state-of-the-art density functionaltheory molecular dynamics simulations allows the inference of average temperatures around 1300 K,in agreement with predictions fromstopping power calculations.The simultaneous diffraction measurements show no hints of any volumetric graphitization of the material,butdo indicate the onset of fracture in the diamond sample.Our experiments pave the way for future studies at the Facility for Antiproton andIon Research,where a substantially increased intensity of the heavy ion beam will be available.

Direct and Exact Description of Null Geodesics in Schwarzschild Spacetime

Null geodesics for massless particles in Schwarzschild spacetime are obtained by direct integration of the trajectory equation in spatial coordinates without transformation to the inverse space. The results are classified following Chandrasekhar depending on the ratio of the impact parameter of the trajectory to its critical value. In the subcritical and supercritical cases the geodesics are expressed in terms of elliptic integrals of the first kind. Some results are formally different from the classical ones, but in fact equivalent to them, being at the same time more compact and descriptive.

Spherical and Circular Non-Equatorial Photon Orbits around Kerr Black Holes

By analytically solving the equation of azimuthal null geodesics for spherical photon trajectories, a parametric representation of the corresponding segment of the orbit is obtained. The solution parameter is the latitude coordinate. The dependences of the orbital radius on the black hole spinning parameter and the angle of inclination of its plane with respect to the rotation axis are calculated for flat circular non-equatorial orbits. It is proved that all spherical photon trajectories in the Kerr spacetime are unstable, as well as equatorial ones, and the critical photon orbits in the Schwarzschild metric.

Interdigitated terahertz metamaterial sensors:design with the dielectric perturbation theory

Designing terahertz sensors for highly sensitive detection of nanoscale thin films and a few biomolecules poses a substantial challenge but is crucial for unlocking their full potential in scientific research and advanced applications.This work presents a strategy for optimizing metamaterial sensors in detecting small quantities of dielectric materi-als.The amount of frequency shift depends on intrinsic properties(electric field distribution,Q-factor,and mode volume)of the bare cavity as well as the overlap volume of its high-electric-field zone(s)and the analyte.Guided by the simplified dielectric perturbation theory,interdigitated electric split-ring resonators(ID-eSRRs)are devised to significantly enhance the detection sensitivity compared with eSRRs without interdigitated fingers.ID-eSRR’s fin-gers redistribute the electric field,creating strongly localized enhancements,which boost analyte interaction.The periodic change of the inherent antiphase electric field reduces radiation loss,leading to a higher Q-factor.Experiments with ID-eSRR sensors operating at around 300 GHz demonstrate a remarkable 33.5 GHz frequency shift upon depositing a 150 nm SiO_(2)layer as an analyte simulant,with a figure of merit improvement of over 50 times compared with structures without interdigitated fingers.This rational design offers a promising avenue for highly sensitive detection of thin films and trace biomolecules.

Herbal hepatotoxicity:Challenges and pitfalls of causality assessment methods

The diagnosis of herbal hepatotoxicity or herb induced liver injury(HILI) represents a particular clinical and regulatory challenge with major pitfalls for the causality evaluation.At the day HILI is suspected in a patient,physicians should start assessing the quality of the used herbal product,optimizing the clinical data for completeness,and applying the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences(CIOMS) scale for initial causality assessment.This scale is structured,quantitative,liver specific,and validated for hepatotoxicity cases.Its items provide individual scores,which together yield causality levels of highly probable,probable,possible,unlikely,and excluded.After completion by additional information including raw data,this scale with all items should be reported to regulatory agencies and manufacturers for further evaluation.The CIOMS scale is preferred as tool for assessing causality in hepatotoxicity cases,compared to numerous other causality assessment methods,which are inferior on various grounds.Among these disputed methods are the Maria and Victorino scale,an insufficiently qualified,shortened version of the CIOMS scale,as well as various liver unspecific methods such as thead hoc causality approach,the Naranjo scale,the World Health Organization(WHO) method,and the Karch and Lasagna method.An expert panel is required for the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network method,the WHO method,and other approaches based on expert opinion,which provide retrospective analyses with a long delay and thereby prevent a timely assessment of the illness in question by the physician.In conclusion,HILI causality assessment is challenging and is best achieved by the liver specific CIOMS scale,avoiding pitfalls commonly observed with other approaches.

Critical Equatorial Trajectories of Massless Particles in a Kerr Spacetime

In the presented work a closed analytical expression is obtained that describes the critical photon orbits in the equatorial plane of a spinning Kerr black hole (BH). A significant difference in the behavior of photons with prograde and retrograde directions of rotation is shown. The photons with prograde rotation exhibit an exponential increase in the deflection angle together with the number of rotations around the BH as its spin parameter increases. The number of rotations exceeds 103 when spin parameter of the BH reaches 0.999. At the same time this value decreases insignificantly for reverse rotating photons and is less than that for the non-spinning Schwarzschild BH. The transition to a zero spin limit made it possible to determine the number of photon rotations along the critical trajectory for such BHs.

Controlled and reversible induction of differentiation and activation of adult human hepatocytes by a biphasic culture technique

AIM:Clinical application of human hepatocytes (HC) is hampered by the progressive loss of growth and differentiation in vitro. The object of the study was to evaluate the effect of a biphasic culture technique on expression and activation of growth factor receptors and differentiation of human adult HC. METHODS: Isolated HC were sequentially cultured in a hormone enriched differentiation medium (DM) containing nicotinamide, insulin, transferrin, selenium, and dexame-thasone or activation medium (AM) containing hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). Expression, distribution and activation of the HC receptors (MET and EGFR) and the pattern of characteristic cytokeratin (CK) filaments were measured by fluorometry, confocal microscopy and Western blotting. RESULTS: In the biphasic culture system, HC underwent repeated cycles of activation (characterized by expression and activation of growth factor receptors) and re-differentiation (illustrated by distribution of typical filaments CK-18 but low or absent expression of CK-19). In AM increased expression of MET and EGFR was associated with receptor translocation into the cytoplasm and induction of atypical CK-19. In DM low expression of MET and EGFR was localized on the cell membrane and CK-19 was reduced. Receptor phosphorylation required embedding of HC in collagen type I gel. CONCLUSION: Control and reversible modulation of growth factor receptor activation of mature human HC can be accomplished in vitro, when defined signals from the extracellular matrix and sequential growth stimuli are provided. The biphasic technique helps overcome dedifferentiation, which occurs during continuous stimulation by means of growth factors.

10kA基于SCR技术的功率电感脉冲测量系统

此处提出了一款新的基于半导体控制整流器(SCR)的高脉冲电流处理能力而开发的用于功率电感测量的脉冲测试系统。该测试系统可以通过高达10 kA的脉冲电流对功率电感进行饱和性能测试和功耗测试,且不会产生热应力。该测试系统具有短路保护功能,可以避免因输出短路造成对测试系统的损坏。受益于SCR器件高脉冲电流处理能力,该脉冲测试系统具有一些独特的性质,并且与基于IGBT的测试系统相比,其具有一些突出的优点。

熊脱氧胆酸(UDCA)治疗慢性胆汁郁积性肝病

在肝脏疾病中,熊脱氧胆酸(ursodeoxycholicacid,UDCA)是1985年开始首次运用于治疗慢性活动性肝炎,经治疗后碱性磷酸酶,γ-谷氨酰胺转肽酶及转氨酶类这些指标发生明显改善,肝脏组织学也未见恶化。几组无对照的研究显示 UDCA

Do viral infections protect from or enhance type 1 diabetes and how can we tell the difference?

Virus infections have been implicated in both initiation of and protection from autoimmune diseases,such as type 1 diabetes(T1D).In this review we intend to reflect on recent evidence how viruses might on the one hand be involved in the pathogenesis of T1D and on the other hand induce a state of protection from autoimmune-mediated damage.It is important to acknowledge that human individuals encounter more than just one virus infection in their lifetime.Therefore,it is important to integrate more than just one possible environmental triggering factor for autoimmune diseases to occur.

Drug-adapted cancer cell lines as preclinical models of acquired resistance

Acquired resistance formation limits the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies.Acquired and intrinsic resistance differ conceptually.Acquired resistance is the consequence of directed evolution,whereas intrinsic resistance depends on the(stochastic)presence of pre-existing resistance mechanisms.Preclinical model systems are needed to study acquired drug resistance because they enable:(1)in depth functional studies;(2)the investigation of non-standard treatments for a certain disease condition(which is necessary to identify small groups of responders);and(3)the comparison of multiple therapies in the same system.Hence,they complement data derived from clinical trials and clinical specimens,including liquid biopsies.Many groups have successfully used drug-adapted cancer cell lines to identify and elucidate clinically relevant resistance mechanisms to targeted and cytotoxic anti-cancer drugs.Hence,we argue that drug-adapted cancer cell lines represent a preclinical model system in their own right that is complementary to other preclinical model systems and clinical data.

Statistical learning of engineered topological phases in the kagome superlattice of AV_(3)Sb_(5)

Recent experimental findings have reported the presence of unconventional charge orders in the enlarged(2×2)unit-cell of kagome metals AV3Sb5(A=K,Rb,Cs)and hinted towards specific topological signatures.Motivated by these discoveries,we investigate the types of topological phases that can be realized in such kagome superlattices.In this context,we employ a recently introduced statistical method capable of constructing topological models for any generic lattice.By analyzing large data sets generated from symmetry-guided distributions of randomized tight-binding parameters,and labeled with the corresponding topological index,we extract physically meaningful information.We illustrate the possible real-space manifestations of charge and bond modulations and associated flux patterns for different topological classes,and discuss their relation to present theoretical predictions and experimental signatures for the AV_(3)Sb_(5)family.Simultaneously,we predict higher-order topological phases that may be realized by appropriately manipulating the currently known systems.