Realizing methanol synthesis from CO and water via the synergistic effect of Cu^(0)/Cu^(+)over Cu/ZrO_(2) catalyst

The optimizing utilization of ca rbon resources has drawn wide attention all over the world,while exploiting the high-efficiency catalytic routes remains a challenge.Here,a direct methanol synthesis route is realized from pure CO and H_(2)O over 10%Cu/t-ZrO_(2) catalyst,where the time yield of methanol is144.43 mmol mol_(Cu)^(-1)h^(-1)and the methanol selectivity in hydrocarbons is 100%,The Cu species highly dispersed in the t-ZrO_(2) support lead parts of them in the cationic state.The Cu^(+)sites contribute to the dissociation of H_(2)O,providing the H*source for methanol synthesis,while the formed Cu^(0) sites promote the absorption and transfer of H*during the reaction.Moreover,the H_(2)O is even a better H resource than H_(2) due to its better dissociation effectivity in this catalytic system.The present work offers a new approach for methanol synthesis from CO and new insight into the process of supplying H donor.

Hepatitis B virus taxonomy and hepatitis B virus genotypes

Hepatitis B virus(HBV) is a member of the hepadnavirus family.Hepadnaviruses can be found in both mammals(orthohepadnaviruses) and birds(avihepadnaviruses).The genetic variability of HBV is very high.There are eight genotypes of HBV and three clades of HBV isolates from apes that appear to be additional genotypes of HBV.Most genotypes are now divided into subgenotypes with distinct virological and epidemiological properties.In addition,recombination among HBV genotypes increases the variability of HBV.This review summarises current knowledge of the epidemiology of genetic variability in hepadnaviruses and,due to rapid progress in the field,updates several recent reviews on HBV genotypes and subgenotypes.

The Influence of Rain Gauge Network Density on the Performance of a Hydrological Model

Rain gauge data suffers from spatial errors because of precipitation variability within short distances and due to sparse or irregular network. Use of interpolation is often unreliable to evaluate due to the aforementioned irregular sparse networks. This study is carried out in the Nette River catchment of Lower Saxony to alleviate the problem of using gauge data to measure the performance of interpolation. Radar precipitation data was extracted in the positions of 53 rain gauge stations, which are distributed throughout the range of the weather surveillance radar (WSR). Since radar data traditionally suffers from temporal errors, it was corrected using the Mean Field Bias (MFB) method by utilizing the rain gauge data and then further used as the reference precipitation in the study. The performances of Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Ordinary Kriging (OK) interpolation methods by means of cross validation were assessed. Evaluation of the effect of the gauge densities on HBV-IWW hydrological model was achieved by comparing the simulated discharges for the two interpolation methods and corresponding densities against the simulated discharge of the reference precipitation data. Interpolation performance in winter was much better than summer for both interpolation methods. Furthermore, Ordinary Kriging performed marginally better than Inverse Distance Weighting in both seasons. In case of areal precipitation, progressive improvement in performance with increase in gauge density for both interpolation methods was observed, but Inverse Distance Weighting was found more consistent up to higher densities. Comparison showed that Ordinary Kriging outperformed Inverse Distance Weighting only up to 70% density, beyond which the performance is equal. The hydrological modelling results are similar to that of areal precipitation except that for both methods, there was no improvement in performance beyond the 50% gauge density.

Internet of Things: Towards a Solid Ecosystem of Interconnected Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technological revolution that has changed everything we do and given us a new perspective on our daily lives, but despite the fact that numerous publications have focused on characterizing the many edges and technologies that make up an IoT system, the IoT ecosystem is still seen as too complex to be recognized as a stand-alone environment due to its significant diversity;hence, the objective of this research is to address such a complex environment in a way that highlights its components and distinguishes them both individually and in relation to their broader context. Therefore, the definition of IoT and its emergence were discussed and organized around the timeline of Internet development phases demonstrating that IoT has been a need that has accompanied the presence of the Internet since its early stages, and then its growth and impact were discussed and highlighted with estimates and numbers. On the technical side, each of the following groups, IoT components, protocols, and architectures, was defined, discussed, and grouped in such a way that their intergroup organization, as well as their placement and contribution to the overall ecosystem, was highlighted. This, in addition to the various examples mentioned throughout the discussion, will provide the reader with a better understanding of the Internet of Things and how deeply it has become entwined in our daily lives and routines as a result of its numerous applications.

Generic Simulated Annealing

One of the many problems that are considered to be NP-Hard is the Multiple Sequence Alignment one that initially requires, as for any other of its siblings, a specific encoding schema and design of the main functionalities of the heuristics algorithm being implemented and executed. This paper intends to discuss our proposed generic implementation of the Simulated Annealing, inspired for the procedure of cooling and shaping methods of metals. In our algorithm, we attempted to add some executions tracing functionalities in order to help later analysis for initial parameters tuning. On another hand, we also tried to get closer in our attempt to mimic the cooling of metals, but giving it an option to run under different cooling schedules. We proposed a few schedules that seemed to be studied and/or used in many algorithm implementations.

Generic Tabu Search

The Multiple Sequence Alignment problem is considered to be an NP-Hard problem, requiring initially a specific encoding schema and design, as for any other of its siblings, to implement and run any of the main categories of heuristic. This paper intends to discuss our proposed generic implementation of the Tabu Search algorithm, a heuristic procedure proposed by Fred Glover to solve discrete combinatorial optimization problems. In this research, we try to coordinate and synchronize different designs/implementations discussed in many literatures, with some of the references mentioned in this paper. The basic idea is to avoid that the search for best solutions stops when a local optimum is found, by maintaining a list of non-acceptable or forbidden (taboo) solutions/costs, called Tabu list or Short-Term Memory (STM). In our algorithm, we attempt to add some executions tracing functionalities in order to help later analysis for initial parameters tuning. On the other hand, we propose to include the concept of a list called Long-Term Memory (LTM), so that some of the best solutions found so far can be saved, for search diversification.

乙肝病毒基因组克隆及其线性分子侵染力研究

乙肝病毒基因组为环状双链DNA,常态环状分子侵染能力很强。为了探讨乙肝病毒基因组线性分子对人肝的侵染和复制能力,克隆了德国病人Brandt携带的乙肝病毒全长基因组,定名为HBV-Brandt。Multiplex PCR基因型鉴定表明HBV-Brandt属于乙型肝炎病毒A型。细胞转染和荧光定量PCR分析证明乙肝病毒HBV-Brandt的基因组线性DNA分子可以侵染HepG2细胞,并进行大量复制。

一株乙肝病毒的基因组克隆及系统学分析

乙型肝炎病毒HBV的基因分型在基础研究和临床治疗中具有重要意义。PCR扩增并克隆了来白蒙古的乙肝病毒HBV199的全长基因组。分析表明HBV199基因组全长为3145bp,属于基因型D。HBV199与乙肝病毒基因型D代表菌株x02496的基因组序列差异为1．9％；与参比菌株AF280817和AY161157具有更高的亲缘关系，它们的基因组序列差异分别为1．1％和1．5％。不同于所有其他HBV基因组。HBV199基因组缺失了HBc-ORF处nt2021～nt2057之间的37个碱基。

局部外用膦甲酸钠治疗口唇疱疹的有效性和耐受性——售后监测结果

Background and Objective. Aim of this postmarketing surveillance study was to generate further data on efficacy and tolerability of foscarnet sodium cream 2% in patients with recurrent herpes labialis in daily routine practice. Design and Methods. 90 outpatients with recurrent herpes labialis were instructed to apply the antiviral cream to the lesions according to package insert for up to 10 days. Symptoms were recorded before beginning of treatment, after three days, and at the end of treatment. Results. Paresthesia and swelling as well as the number of vesicles were reduced after three days of observation, and were improved by about 90% at the end of treatment. Erosions and crust formation also improved markedly. Efficacy as well as tolerability were evaluated as positive by the majority of physicians and patients. No adverse reactions were reported. Conclusions. Foscarnet sodium 2% cream is an effective and safe medication for the treatment of recurrent labial herpes in daily routine practice of dermatologists.

Copper-Catalyzed Carbonylative Synthesis of β-Boryl Amides via Boroamidation of Alkenes

β-Boryl amide is a class of high value intermediates in organic chemistry.In this work,a copper-catalyzed carbonylative boroamidation of olefins toward the synthesize ofβ-boryl amides has been developed.Several new chemical bonds were constructed in this transformation.A wide range ofβ-boryl amides were produced in excellent regioselectivity and good to excellent yields.Ethylene gas can be successfully transformed under the same standard conditions as well.Notably,with the use of a chiral ligand,the first example of enantioselective carbonylative boroamidation of alkenes was realized.In addition,Piposulfan and Pipobroman,antineoplastic medicines,were prepared by this methodology in a straightforward manner.

Synthesis of quinazolinones from o-aminobenzamides and benzyl amines under metal-free conditions

A convenient and transition-metal free protocol for quinazolinones synthesis with o-aminobenzamides and benzyl amines as substrates has been developed. Using H;O;as the oxidant, various quinazolinones were obtained in moderate to good yields under metal- and additive-free conditions.

Soil and altitude drive diversity and functioning of Brazilian Páramos(campo de altitude)

Aims the vegetation on Brazilian Páramos consists of assemblages that are driven mainly by the influence of strong environmental filtering.It is very important to understand the effect of environmental varia-tion on taxonomic diversity and on functional diversity.considering the lack of information about the functional diversity in Brazilian Páramos,we analyzed for the first time the effects of altitude and edaphic attributes on functional traits,as well as on taxonomic and functional diversity.We also wanted to answer the questions:Which ecological strategies are favorable in high-altitude grassland?Does soil attributes determine distributions of traits in high-altitude grassland?considering the studied altitudinal gradient is altitude an important variable in the community assembly?Methods the study was conducted on three mountains:Mammoth(1850 m),Elephant(1790 m)and totem(1690 m)in Serra do Brigadeiro State Park,Minas Gerais State,Brazil.those mountains represent the‘Serra das cabeças’,a smaller ridge that is surrounded by the Atlantic Forest,one of the 25 hotspot of biodiversity.the samples were taken using 100 plots of 1 m2 per mountain that were randomly distributed.All plants except mosses were sampled.the taxonomic diversity was evaluated using richness,Shannon diversity,effective number of species and Pielou evenness.For the functional diver-sity,we considered the functional richness,functional evenness and functional divergence.Generalized linear models(GLM/Poisson and quasi-Poisson)were used to evaluate the effect of abiotic variables(altitude,soil depth and soil chemical attributes)on biotic variables(number of species and individuals,life form,dispersal and fruit type)and ordinary least squares regression to evaluate the effect of abiotic variables on the functional and taxonomic diversity.Important Findingsthe soil variables presented a considerable edaphic gradient associated with altitude.the soil in Serra das cabeças plays an important role for the plant diversity:richness and diversity index were positively related with fertility.With regard to the life form,nanophanerophytes tended to increase with altitude and soil depth,while therophytes tended to decrease with altitude.the dispersal type was also associated with the abiotic variables:autochory decreases with altitude,while zoochory increases.Functional richness increases with fertility and the functional evenness with altitude.the studied gradient showed that altitude is working as a filter for functional traits and indices and is,together with soil attributes,an important determinant for the distribution of plants on Brazilian Páramos.

Cu/Pd-catalyzed borocarbonylative trifunctionalization of alkynes and allenes:synthesis ofβ-geminal-diboryl ketones

Functionalized bisboryl compounds have recently emerged as a new class of synthetically useful building blocks in organic synthesis.Herein,we report an efficient strategy to synthesizeβ-geminal-diboryl ketones enabled by a Cu/Pd-catalyzed borocarbonylative trifunctionalization of readily available alkynes and allenes.This reaction promises to be a useful method for the synthesis of functionalizedβ-geminal-diboryl ketones with broad functional group tolerance.Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds through borocarbonylation/hydroboration cascade of both alkynes and allenes.

Measurement of Ξcc++ production in pp collisions at s1/2=13 TeV

The production of ■baryons in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 13 TeV is measured in the transverse-momentum range 4<pT<15GeV/c and the rapidity range2.0<y<4.5.The data used in this measurement correspond to an integrated luminosity of 1.7fb^-1,recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2016.The ratio of the ■ production cross-section times the branching fraction of the■→∧^+cK^-π^+ π^+decay relative to the prompt ∧^+c production cross-section is found to be(2.22±0.27±0.29)×10^-4,assuming the central value of the measured lifetime,where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic.

过渡金属催化的羰基化的杂环化合成和官能团化（英文）

杂环化合物广泛的存在于天然产物、药物、有机材料以及其他官能团化的分子中.所以发展杂环合成的新的方法学有着极其重要的意义.在所有的有机合成策略中,过渡金属催化的反应,由于其相对温和的反应条件和高效的原子利用率,无疑是一种理想的选择.这其中,过渡金属催化的羰基化反应又是一个比较理想的反应.自从20世纪30年代首度报道以来,羰基化反应经历了长足的发展.时至今日,各种羰基化反应类型都得到发展.反应底物也囊括了卤代芳烃、烯烃、炔烃及其它未经活化的化合物.羰基来源也从一氧化碳气体拓展到了其他原位释放一氧化碳的化合物,例如甲酸、醇、醛、生物质等.对我们课题组在过去5年中在过渡金属催化的羰基化合成杂环及杂环的官能团化领域的工作进行了总结.使用铜、钯、铑、钌和铱作为催化剂,基于碳卤键和碳氢键的活化,各种杂环化合物都能被高效的合成.

■^(−)_(b)→J/ψΛK^(−)衰变中一个J/ψΛ结构的迹象与■^(−)激发态的发现

夸克和胶子组成的粒子统称强子,其中包含4个或以上组分夸克的强子被称为奇异强子.目前实验上发现的奇异强子最多包含5个夸克,称为五夸克态.对五夸克态的深入研究可以检验对强相互作用的理解.利用质心能量为7、8和13 TeV,总积分亮度9 fb^(−1)的质子-质子对撞数据,大型强子对撞机底夸克实验(LHCb)采用全谱分析的方法,研究了■^(−)_(b)→J/ψΛK^(−)衰变过程中的共振态结构.实验发现J/ψΛ系统中存在质量约为4.46 MeV/c^(2)的共振结构存在的迹象,其显著程度为3.1倍标准偏差,性质与五夸克态相符.这是实验上首次观测到包含奇异夸克的五夸克态的存在证据,为五夸克态的理论研究和后续的实验探索提供了重要的依据.除此之外,实验还精细测量了ΛK−系统中部分共振态的共振参数,精度远高于当前世界平均值,这对加深传统重子谱学的认识有着重要的意义.