New Industrialization: Characteristics, System Development and Implementation Pathway

New industrialization in China, different from its past economic development pattern or patterns in developed nations, is the country’s theoretical innovation based on the positive and negative experiences of industrialization at home and worldwide. New industrialization has various novel characteristics, including new sources of efficiency, new factors of production, new organizational forms, and new constraints. In addition, it has certain particularities arising from modernization with Chinese characteristics. This article summarizes the characteristics of new industrialization from the perspectives of people-centered approach, quality-first concept, independent innovation, green low-carbon economics, digital-real integration, and open circulation. There are four systems for promoting new industrialization: A self-sustained scientific and technological system, a high-end advanced manufacturing system, a green low-carbon circular system, and a division of labor system with domestic and international circulation. The Chinese new industrialization proposes the pathway and policy measures considering the new global situation and the requirements of new goals of strengthening organization and leadership, reducing factor cost, accelerating independent technological innovation, smoothing domestic and international circulation, and optimizing competition environment.

China's 60 years of industrial transformation reviewed

In China, the real industrialization and modernization process started in 1949, when the Chinese people were emancipated from the yoke of the Kuomintang and the People's Republic of China (P.R.C) was founded. However, the road of emancipation has been a bumpy one. In particular, the emancipation of the mind has often been full of twists and turns. The tremendous liberation of social productive forces originated in the emancipation of the mind, whose truth has been tested by economic development practices. In the past 60 years China has paid tremendous efforts and costs in pursuit of emancipation, and today it still needs to emancipate the mind anew. For 60 years, since the formation of P.R. C, the country has kept pursuing the emancipation of the mind while exploring ways of change in institution, strategy and policy. In the first 30 years China attempted to devise an idealistic approach of transition to the socialist planned economic system, which was characterized by continuous revolution and movement. In the second 30 years China explored a realistic approach of transition to the socialist market economic system, which is characterized by incremental reform and opening-up. For six decades industry has remained at the forefront of transformation. The emancipation of the mind and the realization of change aim to ultimately make China a strong nation with an affluent people. The purpose of the six-decade struggle in new China is to erase the stigma of "being poor and blank," secure a firm and strong foothold in the world, restore China's status as a world power and let the Chinese people enjoy the affluence and welfare of a well-off society. The central mission of this national revitalization is to realize industrialization. Therefore, industrialization has been the central theme of China's revitalization in the past 60 years. After 60 years of industrialization, hundreds of millions of Chinese people are now able to enjoy ever-increasing wealth from industrial civilization. However, still a larger proportion of China's 1.3 billion people are awaiting industrial civilization. In this sense, industrialization is not only the focus of China's socioeconomic development but also the world's largest livelihood mission. Industrial development is more of a means of enhancing people's livelihood than a means of regaining the title as a world power. This will become one of the distinctive characteristics of China's industrialization in the new stage.

Decomposition of China＇s Industrial Environmental Total Factor Productivity Sources： Analysis Based on Factor Input and Pollution Treatment

Following slack-based inefficiency measurement method and Luenberger productivity index, this paper decomposes industrial environmental TFP index by input factors and output to estimate the sources of China＇s industrial environmental TFP. Results indicate that （1） China＇s industrial environmental TFP increased between 2001 and 2007 but declined in 2008 under the effect of global financial crisis; （2） input utilization productivity contributes 1/3 to industrial environmental TFP and pollution treatment productivity contributes about 2/3, which means that pollution treatment will effectively increase industrial environmental TFP; （3） capital utilization productivity contributes I/6 to input productivity and labor utilization productivity contributes about 5/6, which means that progress of labor production technologies is an effective means to increase industrial environmental TFP; （4） COD treatment productivity contributes roughly 2/3 to pollution treatment productivity, and S02 treatment productivity contributes about 1/3, which shows that priority on COD treatment will more effectively increase industrial environmental TFP.

A comparison and interpretation of the international competitiveness of China and India

This paper first presents a comparison between China and India with respect to their overall economic and social development conditions and finds that China is currently at a higher development stage than India in terms of key economic indicators or social indicators.This paper also conducts an assessment of the international competitiveness of the Chinese and Indian manufacturing industries and finds that the Chinese manufacturing industry is more competitive than its Indian counterpart.This paper then conducts an evaluation of the international competitiveness of the Chinese and Indian service industries and finds that(1)the Indian service industry has remained more globally competitive than its Chinese counterpart in most of the years examined;(2)the Chinese service industry has derived its international competitiveness primarily from its competitive advantages.In spite of its weaker comprehensive competitiveness,the Chinese services industry has consistently secured a stronger competitive edge over its Indian counterpart.The Chinese service industry’s comparative competitiveness is weaker than India’s simply because the Chinese manufacturing industry has grown at a faster pace.Last but not least,this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the causes of competitive difference between China and India in respect of labor quality,infrastructure,government role,social heterogeneity,religion and culture as well as overseas compatriots.

Industrial Development,Changes in National Conditions and the Strategy of Economic Modernization:An Analysis of the National Conditions of China in Its Drive to Become One of the World’s Big Indus-trial Countries

China, the country with the largest population in the world, has been steadily and successfully pushing forward its market reform and rapid industrialization drive against the background of informationalization and globalization. Its economy has maintained a rapid rate of growth for over twenty years, with per capita GDP increasing from less than 100 US dollars in 1978 to more than 1,000 in 2004, making it the third largest economic entity in the world, There can be no doubt that this phenomenon merits world attention at the threshold of the 21 st century. The appearances of a series of concepts such as ＂the Chinese experience,＂ ＂the Beijing consensus,＂ ＂the Chinese model＂ and ＂peaceful rise＂ describe and interpret this phenomenon from different angles. Some economists have realized that whatever con- ceptual frameworks or advanced economic theoretical models are used to explain the reasons for and logic of Chinese economic success, the quintessence of ＂Chinese experience＂ is its practicality -- blazing a path of its own based on its national conditions.

A Study of an Industrialization Strategy for China’s Upper-Middle Income Stage

When the high-income East Asian economies entered the upper-middle income stage,their long-term growth was sustained by their real manufacturing output share and total factor productivity(TFP).This is a typical pattern that is highly consistent with classical development economics,which sees manufacturing as the engine of economic growth.When China became a middle-income country,its share of real manufacturing output and TFP both fell over the same period,exhibiting a theoretical and empirical tendency toward“premature deindustrialization”that increases the risk of being caught in the middle-income trap.Accelerating China’s development as a manufacturing power,advancing high-tech manufacturing and improving the quality and efficiency of traditional industries are realistic options for the country’s industrial development strategy.

China's Next Step:to Reform Monopoly Industries

Based on the study of enterprise managerial corruption in Chinese SOEs, this paper points out the new characteristics of managerial corruption in Chinese SOEs:administrative monopoly has become increasingly common, while corruption for personal gains by SOE leaders hits become less and less frequent.This means the reform of SOEs has entered a new stage in which the core problem is how to deal with administrative monopoly.

Mineral resources and constraints on China's economic growth

This article conducts an empirical study of how access to mineral resources can constrain China's economic growth.The authors reckon that due to the relatively low price elasticity of supply and demand in relation to mineral resources over the short run,access to mineral resources places pronounced constraints on economic growth in the short run,but only marginal constraints on economic growth in the long run.This split is the result of alternate resource substitution and technological progress.In this article,the authors have calculated the actual effects of access to mineral resources on China's economic growth using 2001-2006 mineral resource import and export data.The results of these calculations show that,in the short run,access to mineral resources is increasingly placing constraints on China's economic growth.The value of these constraints rose from 4.96% of GDP in 2006 to 5.74% of GDP in 2007 (estimated).Contrastingly,in the long run,the constraints that access to mineral resources place on China's economic growth are quite limited at approximately 0.23% of GDP.

SOE Reforms Enter Crucial Stage

REFORMS to China’s state-owned enterprise(SOE)have gone through three stages.The first was that leading up to the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee in 1993,when power was decentralized and interests compromised.The second stage was from

China’s Emerging Industries: Greener and More Innovative

AS an important part of the modern economic system,emerging industries are a reflection of the scientific and technological strength and economic vitality of China at its new stage of development.As the COVID-19 pandemic continues,China is facing a more complex external world,and unstable and uneven economic recovery at home.To better cope with these challenges,and to realize its development goals during the next period,China needs to stick to its new development concept,continue to deepen supply-side structural reform.

An Economic Analysis of the Sharing Economy

In recent years,the sharing economy has emerged as a new business model and has witnessed rapid growth.In fact,from an economic perspective,the concept of sharing economy is not new;rather,it has always existed in one form or another.There are three prerequisites for a sharing economy.First,the product involved is durable or reusable.Second,the marginal cost of use is zero or very low.Third,there is no critical shortage of the product,that is,on-demand consumption is achieved within a certain range.In daily life。

Stepping Back, Moving Forward

The events of the preceding two years have restructured the traditional systems of global governance which have dominated the international order since 1945.

High-Quality Manufacturing for China’s Stable Growth

Manufacturing is the cornerstone for China’s industry and its entire economy.It drives industrialization and modernization and underpins high-quality economic growth.Recent years have witnessed the resurgence of trade protectionism and mounting downward pressure on China’s economic growth.Against this backdrop,the development of high-quality manufacturing has received more and more attention.Promoting high-quality manufacturing development was accorded the top priority for 2019 at the Central Economic Work Conference held in December 2018.The Report on the Work of the Government 2019 proposed that.