The dual role of striatal interneurons:circuit modulation and trophic support for the basal ganglia

Striatal interneurons play a key role in modulating striatal-dependent behaviors,including motor activity and reward and emotional processing.Interneurons not only provide modulation to the basal ganglia circuitry under homeostasis but are also involved in changes to plasticity and adaptation during disease conditions such as Parkinson's or Huntington's disease.This review aims to summarize recent findings regarding the role of striatal cholinergic and GABAergic interneurons in providing circuit modulation to the basal ganglia in both homeostatic and disease conditions.In addition to direct circuit modulation,striatal interneurons have also been shown to provide trophic support to maintain neuron populations in adulthood.We discuss this interesting and novel role of striatal interneurons,with a focus on the maintenance of adult dopaminergic neurons from interneuronderived sonic-hedgehog.

A Prediction Model for Detecting Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy Based on Clinical Factors and Imaging Markers of the Optic Nerve and Cerebrospinal Fluid in the Optic Nerve Sheath

Objective This study aimed to develop and test a model for predicting dysthyroid optic neuropathy(DON)based on clinical factors and imaging markers of the optic nerve and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)in the optic nerve sheath.Methods This retrospective study included patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)without DON and patients with TAO accompanied by DON at our hospital.The imaging markers of the optic nerve and CSF in the optic nerve sheath were measured on the water-fat images of each patient and,together with clinical factors,were screened by Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator.Subsequently,we constructed a prediction model using multivariate logistic regression.The accuracy of the model was verified using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.Results In total,80 orbits from 44 DON patients and 90 orbits from 45 TAO patients were included in our study.Two variables(optic nerve subarachnoid space and the volume of the CSF in the optic nerve sheath)were found to be independent predictive factors and were included in the prediction model.In the development cohort,the mean area under the curve(AUC)was 0.994,with a sensitivity of 0.944,specificity of 0.967,and accuracy of 0.901.Moreover,in the validation cohort,the AUC was 0.960,the sensitivity was 0.889,the specificity was 0.893,and the accuracy was 0.890.Conclusions A combined model was developed using imaging data of the optic nerve and CSF in the optic nerve sheath,serving as a noninvasive potential tool to predict DON.

Proteomic analysis of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and pancreatic carcinoma in rat models

AIM:To detect the proteomic variabilities of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia(PanIN)and pancreatic carcinoma(PC)induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene(DMBA) in rat models and to identify potential biomarkers.METHODS:Sixty adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into three groups.The rats had DMBA implanted into their pancreas for one(n=20)or two months(n=20)or assigned to the normal group(n =20).The rats were killed after one or two months,and were evaluated histopathologically.Three tissue samples from each group of rats with either normal pancreas,PanIN(PanIN-2)or PC were examined by 2D-DIGE.The different expression spot features were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionizationtime of flight/time of flight(MALDI-TOF/TOF)tandem mass spectrometry.The expression of enolase 1,a differentially expressed protein,was identified by immu-nohistochemistry.RESULTS:There was significant difference in the proportions of neoplastic changes between the 1-and 2-mogroups(P=0.0488).There was an increase in the frequency of adenocarcinomas in the 2-mo group compared with the 1-mo group(P=0.0309).No neoplastic changes were observed in any of the animals in the normal group.Enolase 1,pancreatic ELA3B,necdin,Hbp23,CHD3,hnRNP A2/B1,Rap80,and Gnb2l1 were up-regulated in the PanIN and PC tissues,and CEL,TPT1,NME2,PCK2,an unnamed protein product,and glycine C-acetyltransferase were down-regulated in the PanIN and PC tissues.The immunohistochemical results showed that enolase 1 expression was up-regulated in the pancreatic cancer tissues of rats and humans.CONCLUSION:The pancreatic protein expression changes induced by DMBA suggest potential molecular targets for the early diagnosis and treatment of PC.

Neglected features of lifestyle: Their relevance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

AIMTo investigated in non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease (NAFLD), with ultrasound (US)-detected fatty liver, and in a group of non-alcoholic and otherwise healthy subjects, relationship of neglected features of lifestyle with NAFLD and obesity. METHODSFive hundred and thirty-two NAFLD and 667 non-NAFLD healthy subjects, age 21-60 years were studied. Severity of liver steatosis was assessed by US bright liver score. The adherence to mediterranean diet score (AMDS) was assessed on the basis of a 1-wk recall computerized questionnaire which included a detailed physical activity reports (Baecke questionnaire). The western dietary profile score, as a simplified paradigm of unhealthy diet, a questionnaire quantifying sun exposure score and a sleep habits questionnaires provided a further comprehensive lifestyle assessment. RESULTSBody mass index (BMI), insulin resistance (HOMA), and triglycerides, poorer adherence to a mediterranean diet profile, sedentary habits, minor sun exposure and use of “western diet” foods are greater in NAFLD. Multiple linear regression analysis, weighted by years of age, displays BMI, HOMA and AMDS as the most powerful independent predictors of fatty liver severity; however, also the physical activity score, the western diet habit and the sun exposure score are acting inside the model with significant independent effects. CONCLUSIONArticulated clinical intervention, according to our results, are justified in NAFLD and can be pursued addressing by focused intervention nutritional profile, physical exercise mainly in open-air subsets for enhancing sun exposure and healthier sleep duration and rhythm.

Effects of nicorandil on myocardial infarct size in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention:study design and protocol for the randomized controlled trial

Previous studies have shown that nicorandil has a protective effect on cardiomyocytes.However,there is no study to investigate whether perioperative intravenous nicorandil can further reduce the myocardial infarct size in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI)compared to the current standard of percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)regimen.The CHANGE(China-Administration of Nicorandil Group)study is a multicenter,prospective,randomized,double-blind and parallel-controlled clinical study of STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI in China,aiming to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous nicorandil in ameliorating the myocardial infarct size in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI and provide evidence-based support for myocardial protection strategies of STEMI patients.

Original askiatic imaging used in Chinese medicine eye-feature diagnosis of visceral diseases

Eye-feature diagnosis is a time-homored met hod for studying many diseases in tradit ional Chinese medicine.There is a dlose relationship between eye feature and viscera,and eye feature is a reflect ion of viscer al health status.Commercially used ophthalmology diagnosis instr uments have disadvantages and cannot satisfy the requirements of eye feature diagnosis.In this paper,we proposed a novel askiatic imaging method that removes the interference of an ilumination source's reflection shadow and is free from image splicing.We developed a novel imaging system to implement this method,and some eye feature characteristics to analyze visceral diseases were obtained.

Noninvasive stiffness assessment of the human lens nucleus in patients with anisometropia using an ultrasound elastography system

AIM:To investigate the significance of ultrasound elastography for evaluating stiffness of the human lens nucleus in patients with anisometropia.METHODS:A total of 14 patients(28 eyes)with anisometropia were enrolled.The difference in refractive status between two eyes≥-4.0 diopters(D)and the difference in axial length(AL)of the eyes was≥3 mm.There were 5 males and 9 females with an average age of 62±3.3 y.The test data of the long AL eye of each patient was included in group A(14 eyes),and test data of the eye with relative short AL was included in group B.Lens nuclear stiffness was measured with free-hand qualitative elastography by independent operators.Strain gray scale and color-coded elastography maps were recorded.In each case,three consecutive measurements were performed and strain ratio was used for statistical analysis.Photograph and sectional view of the lens were analyzed and archived by anterior segment image.RESULTS:In the long AL group,the strain rate in the nucleus of the lens was 0.16%±0.08%;in the short AL group,the strain rate in the nucleus of the lens was 0.54%±0.16%.Independent sample t-test analyses showed that the long AL group lens had a significantly smaller nuclear strain rate than the relatively short AL group,P<0.05.CONCLUSION:The relationship between human lens stiffness and different AL is demonstrated by ultrasound elastography.The long AL is associated with lower strain ratio and less resilience of the lens.

Hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells is inhibited by parthenolide

AIM： To explore the effect of parthenolide on hydrogen peroxide（H_2O_2）-induced apoptosis in human lens epithelial（HLE） cells. METHODS： The morphology and number of apoptotic HLE cells were assessed using light microscopy and flow cytometry. Cell viability was tested by MTS assay. In addition, the expression of related proteins was measured by Western blot assay. RESULTS： Apoptosis of HLE cells was induced by 200 μmol/L H_2O_2, and the viability of these cells was similar to the half maximal inhibitory concentration（IC50）, as examined by MTS assay. In addition, cells were treated with either different concentrations（6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mol/L） of parthenolide along with 200 μmol/L H_2O_2 or only 50 μmol/L parthenolide or 200 mol/L H_2O_2 for 24 h. Following treatment with higher concentrations of parthenolide（50 μmol/L）, fewer HLE cells underwent H_2O_2-induced apoptosis, and cell viability was increased. Further, Western blot assay showed that the parthenolide treatment reduced the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9, which are considered core apoptotic proteins, and decreased the levels of phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB（NF-κB）, ERK1/2 [a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase（MAPK） family], and Akt proteins in HLE cells. CONCLUSION： Parthenolide may suppress H_2O_2-induced apoptosis in HLE cells by interfering with NF-κB, MAPKs, and Akt signaling.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and Atherosclerosis at a crossroad:The overlap of a theory of change and bioinformatics

Atherosclerosis(ATH)and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)are medical conditions that straddle a communal epidemiology,underlying mechanism and a clinical syndrome that has protean manifestations,touching every organ in the body.These twin partners,ATH and NAFLD,are seemingly straightforward and relatively simple topics when considered alone,but their interdependence calls for more thought.The study of the mutual relationship of NAFLD and ATH should involve big data analytics approaches,given that they encompass a constellation of diseases and are related to several recognized risk factors and health determinants and calls to an explicit theory of change,to justify intervention.Research studies on the“association between aortic stiffness and liver steatosis in morbidly obese patients”,published recently,sparsely hypothesize new mechanisms of disease,claiming the“long shadow of NAFLD”as a risk factor,if not as a causative factor of arterial stiffness and ATH.This statement is probably overreaching the argument and harmful for the scientific credence of this area of medicine.Despite the verification that NAFLD and cardiovascular disease are strongly interrelated,current evidence is that NAFLD may be a useful indicator for flagging early arteriosclerosis,and not a likely causative factor.Greater sustainable contribution by precision medicine tools,by validated bioinformatics approaches,is needed for substantiating conjectures,assumptions and inferences related to the management of big data and addressed to intervention for behavioral changes within an explicit theory of change.

The Relationship with Previous Use of Community-Based Services and Informal Caregiver Support and Elderly and Informal Caregivers’ Views of Living Arrangement: Analysis of Official Statistics from 2004 to 2014

Background and Objectives: Views on living arrangement from elderly and informal caregivers are crucial to “ageing in place”. They might be related to the experience in the use of elderly care services, which remains inconclusive in previous literature. This study aimed to explore the association of previous experience in formal and informal long-term care services with views of both elderly and their informal caregivers on living arrangement. Research Design and Methods: This study adopted a cross-sectional design. Assessment records of Minimum Data Set-Home Care for community-dwelling elderly who were eligible for subsidized long-term care services in Hong Kong from 2004 to 2014 were made available. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to examine associations between both views on elder’s living arrangement from the elderly, caregivers and their previous informal caregiver support, and experience in formal care services. Results: 82,306 dyads of elderly and informal caregivers were included in the analysis. The elderly with previous use of home and community-based services (OR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.80 - 0.88) and informal caregivers (OR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.76 - 0.81) believed that the elderly should live away from home. Temporal trends of fewer elderly and caregivers supporting the idea of living away from home were also observed. Discussion and Implications: The results highlighted the importance of informal caregiver’s support and previous utilization of formal home and community-based services. It was concluded that resources and information of community-based care have a significant association with views on living at home also proper support services and training of care for the elderly should be made available to informal caregivers to reduce their burden.

Ultrasound elastography for evaluating stiffness of the human lens nucleus with aging:a feasibility study

AIM:To investigate the significance of ultrasound elastography for evaluating stiffness of the human lens nucleus in volunteers with different ages.METHODS:A total of 90 volunteers(lens transparency,uncorrected visual acuity≥0.5,intraocular pressure:14-19 mm Hg)were divided into 3 groups according to age:Group A(30 people,median age:82±3.5 y,mean axial lengths 23.7±0.5 mm);Group B(30 people,median age:46±2.1 y,mean axial lengths 23.9±0.4 mm);and Group C(30 people,median age:22±3.5 y,mean axial lengths 24.0±0.4 mm).Lens nuclear stiffness was measured by Free-hand qualitative elastography by independent operators.Strain gray scale and color-coded elastography maps were recorded.In each case,three consecutive detections were performed and strain ratio was used for statistical analysis.RESULTS:Elastography analysis showed excellent diagnostic performance for lens sclerosis.Lens strain ratio was lowest(0.03±0.01)%in Group A and highest(2.03±0.43)%in Group C.Lens strain ratio was moderate(0.64±0.10)%in Group B.There were significant differences between these three groups(P<0.05).The lens nucleus strain rate changes with age.With aging,the lens nucleus strain rate and resilience decrease,demonstrating harder texture.CONCLUSION:The relationship between human lens stiffness and age is demonstrated by ultrasound elastography.Older age is associated with lower strain ratio and less resilience of the lens.

Analysis of long-term outcomes and application of the tumor regression grading system in the therapeutic assessment of resectable limited-disease small cell lung cancer

Objective The present study attempted to evaluate the value of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in limiteddisease small cell lung cancer(LD-SCLC),and to identify the predictive value of the tumor regression grading(TRG) system in LD-SCLC treatment-response and prognosis.Methods The records of patients with LD-SCLC(p-Stage I–IIIa) who underwent definitive radical resection at Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital between March 1,2000 and March 31,2014 were retrospectively analyzed.We compared the disease-free survival(DFS) and overall survival(OS) rates between Group A patients(patients who underwent surgery combined with pre-and post-operative chemotherapy) and Group B patients(patients who underwent surgery combined with adjuvant chemotherapy only) using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Mantel-Cox test.The specimens of patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were reassessed according to the TRG system.Results The median DFS for 27 patients was 16.267 months and the median OS was 81.167 months(1-year OS,74.07%;3-year OS,22.22%;5-year OS,14.81%).Thirteen patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy,and their specimens were reassessed by TRG(pathological complete remission,3/13,23.08%).Patients in group A had a longer OS than those in group B(mean,93.782 months versus 42.322 months,P = 0.025),although there was no significant difference in DFS between the two groups(median 20.100 months versus 14.667 months,P = 0.551).Statistical analysis revealed that TRG Grade(G) 0(mean,61.222 months) was associated with better OS than G1-2(mean,31.213 months)(P = 0.311).Conclusion Our study indicated that neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with surgical resection may represent a feasible treatment method for patients with LD-SCLC.The TRG system may be a valuable prediction tool to assess neoadjuvant chemotherapeutic efficacy,especially in patients with G0 disease as determined by TRG;these patients may attain an improved survival benefit with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Subjective Cognitive Concerns and Attitudes toward Genetic Testing Are Associated with Depressive Symptoms and Quality of Life after Genetic Testing for the Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Common Hispanic Mutation (CCM1)

Purpose: This study aimed to characterize mood and quality of life and to examine the associations of these areas with subjective cognitive concerns and attitudes toward genetic testing for the Common Hispanic Mutation, a gene that has been associated with increased risk for CCM1. Method: Fifty-four adults with previous genetic testing for the Common Hispanic Mutation completed a mail survey that included assessments of the above identified areas. Results: Self-reported depressive symptoms and quality of life did not differ between those with positive and negative genetic test results. The negative group expressed a more favorable attitude toward genetic testing (p p = 0.06). Using generalized linear regression, more subjective cognitive concerns were associated with poorer quality of life and more depressive symptoms (p p Conclusions: Subjective cognitive concerns and negative attitudes toward genetic testing may influence emotional well-being after genetic testing for the Common Hispanic Mutation. Additional research is needed that uses objective neuropsychological measures to understand the associations of subjective cognitive concerns, emotional well-being, and cognitive test performance in individuals with CCM1. There is also a need for research that focuses on protective factors and resiliency following genetic testing for CCM1 and the development of mental health interventions to preempt psychosocial difficulties.

Prediction of cell-cell communication patierns of dorsal root ganglion cells:single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis

Dorsal root ganglion neurons transmit peripheral somatic information to the central nervous system,and dorsal root ganglion neuron excitability affects pain perception.Dorsal root ganglion stimulation is a new approach for managing pain sensation.Knowledge of the cell-cell communication among dorsal root ganglion cells may help in the development of new pain and itch management strategies.Here,we used the single-cell RNA-sequencing(scRNA-seq)database to investigate intercellular communication networks among dorsal root ganglion cells.We collected scRNA-seq data from six samples from three studies,yielding data on a total of 17,766 cells.Based on genetic profiles,we identified satellite glial cells,Schwann cells,neurons,vascular endothelial cells,immune cells,fibroblasts,and vascular smooth muscle cells.Further analysis revealed that eight types of dorsal root ganglion neurons mediated proprioceptive,itch,touch,mechanical,heat,and cold sensations.Moreover,we predicted several distinct forms of intercellular communication among dorsal root ganglion cells,including cell-cell contact,secreted signals,extracellular matrix,and neurotransmitter-mediated signals.The data mining predicted that Mrgpra3-positive neurons robustly express the genes encoding the adenosine Adora2b(A2B)receptor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha 1(GFRα-1).Our immunohistochemistry results confirmed the coexpression of the A2B receptor and GFRα-1.Intrathecal injection of the A2B receptor antagonist PSB-603 effectively prevented histamine-induced scratching behaviour in a dose-dependent manner.Our results demonstrate the involvement of the A2B receptor in the modulation of itch sensation.Furthermore,our findings provide insight into dorsal root ganglion cell-cell communication patterns and mechanisms.Our results should contribute to the development of new strategies for the regulation of dorsal root ganglion excitability.

More than Meets the Eye: A Qualitative Investigation of the Complex Weight History Constructions of Brazilian Women Who Underwent Bariatric Surgery

Most studies on bariatric surgery identify personal factors such as“non-compliance”to lifestyle changes as the cause of weight gain and subsequent inability to lose weight.Prior qualitative studies suggest that weight loss patients have complicated relationships with both self and weight,with significant emotional and psychological implications.But how do patients themselves understand the trajectories of their weight gain as related to intrinsic versus extrinsic factors?A qualitative analysis examined the aspects involved in the construction of higher body weight from the perspectives and life experiences of Brazilian women who underwent bariatric surgery,considering that Brazil has previously been reported as a highly anti-fat society.Individual,semi-structured interviews were conducted with thirty women(15 aged 33-59 and 15 aged 63-72).Data were analyzed identifying the regular,expressive,and meaningful significance units identified through the interviews.Although it was expected that different life events were reported as crucial to the perceived aetiology of individual weight gain stories,the participants reported that the emotional aspects had more impact.The extremely high value attached to having a particular body weight negatively influenced the participants’concept of identity and harmed their interactions and understanding of what it meant to be fully loved and accepted.Most of the participants underscored the importance of food in women’s lived experiences and explanations of weight gain.Despite this somatic response being dysfunctionally directed to food,this mechanism seemed to be vital to keeping them alive and engaged in the world.Finally,the participants faced layered vulnerabilities,which decreased their opportunities to access resources aimed at better body weight management.Broad approaches that consider emotional and physical care strategies must be proposed to this population.

Content determination of benzyl glucosinolate and anti—cancer activity of its hydrolysis product in Carica papaya L.

Objective:To determine the content of benzyl glueosinolate（BG） in the pulp and the seed and investigate the anti-cuncer activity of its hydrolysis product in Curica papaya L.Methods: Determination of BG was performed on an Hypersil BDS C18 column at the wavelength of 214 nm with 0.1%trifluoroacelic acid（TFA） aqueous solution（A） and 0.1%TFA acelonilrile（B） as the mobile phase.In vitro activity test was adopted with cidtured human lung cancer H69 cell in vitro to investigate the inhibition rate of cell proliferation of benzyl isothiocyanale（BITC） againsl H69 cell.Results:The pulp has more BG before the maturation of papaya and it nearly disappeared after papaya matured,while the seed contains BG at every stage.Activity test demonstrated that the a higher concentration of BITC would have betler inhibition rate of cell proliferation on 1169 cell,and the IC50 was 6.5μmol/L.Conclusions:BG also can be produced in the pulp of papaya and it will be stored in the seed after the fruit has been matured.The hydrolysis product of BG has certain cancer-prevention anti-cancer activities for human.

Chinese medicinal compound delisheng has satisfactory anti-tumor activity,and is associated with up-regulation of endostatin in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 in three-dimensional culture

AIM： TO investigate the multicellular resistance of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells in three-dimensional culture to delisheng, 5-fluorouracil and adriamycin, and the possible molecular mechanisms of delisheng. METHODS： Human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells were cultured with a liquid overlay technique. After the formation of multicellular spheroids, morphology was analyzed by phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Sensitivity of HepG2 cells to delisheng, 5-fluorouracil and adriamycin was investigated by Ml-I- assay in multicelluar spheroids and monolayers. Vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） and endostatin expression were analyzed in multicellular spheroids treated with delisheng, 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin and negative control PBS, with immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS： Multicellular spheroids exhibited structural characteristics somewhat different to those in monolayers. The cells in three-dimensional cell culture turned out to be less sensitive to delisheng, 5-fluorouracil and adriamycin than the cells cultured in monolayer. This showed that delisheng had a satisfactory cells inhibition ratio compared to 5-fluorouracil and adriamycin. Immunohistochemical staining showed that VEGF and endostatin expression was positive during growth as multicellular spheroids, and endostatin expression in spheroids with treatment of delisheng was higher than that with 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin and PBS （139.35 ± 7.83, 159.23 ± 10.34, 162.83 ± 3.47 and 148.48 ± 11.06, P 〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION： Chinese medicine compound delisheng has satisfactory anti-tumor activity in HepG2 cells in three-dimensional culture, and the effects are associated with up-regulation of endostatin.

Protective effects of erythropoietin against acute lung injury in a rat model of acute necrotizing pancreatitis

AIM： TO investigate the effect of exogenous erythro- poietin （EPO） administration on acute lung injury （ALI） in an experimental model of sodium taurodeoxycholate- induced acute necrotizing pancreatitis （ANP）. METHODS： Forty-seven male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 7 groups： sham group （n = 5）, 3 ANP groups （n = 7 each） and 3 EPO groups （n = 7 each）. ANP was induced by retrograde infusion of 5% sodium taurodeoxycholate into the common bile duct. Rats in EPO groups received 1000 U/kg intramuscular EPO immediately after induction of ANP. Rats in ANP groups were given 1 mL normal saline instead. All animals were sacrificed at postoperative 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Serum arnilase, IL-2, IL-6 and lung tissue malondialdehyde （MDA） were measured. Pleural effusion volume and lung/body weight （LW/BW） ratios were calculated. Tissue levels of TNF-a, IL-2 and IL-6 were screened immunohistochemically. Additionally, ox-LDL accumulation was assessed with immune-fluorescent staining. Histopathological alterations in the lungs were also scored.RESULTS： The mean pleural effusion volume, calculated LW/BW ratio, serum IL-6 and lung tissue MDA levels were significantly lower in EPO groups than in ANP groups. No statistically significant difference was observed in either serum or tissue values of IL-2 among the groups. The level of tumor necrosis factor-（~ （TNF-（~） and IL-6 and accumulation of ox-LDL were evident in the lung tissues of ANP groups when compared to EPO groups, particularly at 72 h. Histopathological evaluation confirmed the improvement in lung injury parameters a^er exogenous EPO administration, particularly at 48 h and 72 h. CONCLUSION： EPO administration leads to a significant decrease in ALI parameters by inhibiting polymorphonuclear leukocyte （PMNL） accumulation, decreasing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in circulation, preserving microvascular endothelial cell integrity and reducing oxidative stress-associated lipid peroxidation and therefore, can be regarded as a cytoprotective agent in ANP-induced ALI.

Healing of Stoma After Magnetic Biliary-Enteric Anastomosis in Canine Peritonitis Models

Objective To assese the healing of stoma after magnetic anastomosis for the reconstruction of biliary-enteric continuity under severe inflammation. Methods Acute bile duct injury was constructed as a bile peritonitis model in mongrel dogs(n=32). Magnetic anastomosis(group A, n=16) and traditional suture anastomosis(group B, n=16) were performed to reconstruct the biliary-enteric continuity in one stage. Half of the dogs in each group were euthanized on the 30 th postoperative day, and the other half on the 90 th postoperative day to harvest the stoma region. The healing conditions of the stoma after the 2 anastomotic approaches were observed with naked eyes, under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Results The stoma leakage rate(50% versus 0% on the 30 th postoperative day, 37.5% versus 12.5% on the 90 th postoperative day, both P<0.05) and stenosis degree(13.9%±0.3% versus 7.1%±0.3% on the 30 th postoperative day, 17.2%±0.4% versus 9.4%±0.4% on the 90 th postoperative day, both P<0.01) were significantly higher in group B than in group A. Compared with traditional manual anastomoses, the histological analysis under light and electron microscope showed a more continuous stoma with more regular epithelium proliferation and collagen arrangement, less inflammation in group A. Conclusions Magnetic anastomosis stent ensures better healing of the stoma even under the circumstance of severe inflammation.

DNA Sequencing: Current State and Prospects of Development

In this review, we collected and classified the stages of development of DNA sequencing methods and described its peculiarities. We pay attention mostly on solid-stead nanopore sequencing methods. Detailed discussion of the peculiarity and feasibility of the electrical methods of DNA sequencing is discussed. The detail analyses of the literature data, some critical considerations and the potential ways of optimization of DNA nanopore sequencing were presented.