Mφller Energy-Momentum Complex in General Relativity for Higher Dimensional Universes

Using the Mφ11er energy-momentum definition in general relativity （GR） we calculate the total energy-momentum distribution associated with （n 4- 2）-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic model of the universe. It is found that total energy of M^ller is vanishing in （n 4- 2） dimensions everywhere but n-momentum components of Mφ11er in （n 4- 2） dimensions are different from zero. Also, we evaluate the static Einstein Universe, FRW universe and de Sitter universe in four dimensions by using （n 4- 2）-type metric, then calculate the Mφ11er energy-momentum distribution of these spacetimes. However, our results are consistent with the results of Banerjee and Sen, Xulu, Radinschi, Vargas, Cooperstock-Israelit, A ygiin et al., Rosen, and Johri et al. in four dimensions.

Agricultural Support Policies and Public Budgeting in Turkey

Agriculture is a leading strategic sector in Turkey as it is in entire world. Despite this strategic significance, risks, and uncertainties, the dependence on natural conditions turns agriculture into a disadvantaged sector. Just because of these disadvantages, agriculture is protected by various support policies throughout the world. Agricultural policies of Turkey have initiated with institutionalization policies of the Republican period and progressed through product supports, input supports, and low-interest credit implementations of the planned period. These policies experienced serious reforms at the beginning of 2000s. Within the scope of Agricultural supports and Reforms Implementation Project （ARIP）, agricultural supports tried to be gathered under a single roof and Direct Income Support （DIS） implementations started. The DIS implementations lasted for eight years and terminated in 2008. The aim of this study is to examine agricultural supports in Turkey and their shares in the public budget. As material, macroeconomic data are used in this study. The data consist of transfers from the ministry of food, agriculture, and livestock to agriculture and budget numbers. The results of the study reveal that current agricultural policy tools are implemented as area-based supports, subsidiary payments, rural development, and agricultural insurance supports. The budget allocated to agriculture and the share of agricultural supports in Gross Domestic Product （GDP） of Turkey does not exhibit much change in years. Considering the policies and supports provided in developed countries and especially in European Union （EU） countries, it recommend for Turkey that the share of agricultural supports in total budget should be increased to levels in those countries.