Effect of westernization on oral health among college students of Udaipur City,India

Background:There is overwhelming evidence that periodontal disease and dental caries affect the majority of populations and that western culture and lifestyle may have a profound influence on oral health,especially in adults.The present study was performed to determine the effect of westernization on the oral health of college students of Udaipur City,Rajasthan.Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among students attending various professional and non-professional bachelor's degree colleges of Udaipur City,Rajasthan,India,from March 2013 to May 2013.Eight hundred students were selected based on a two-stage random sampling procedure.Westernization was assessed by a self-administered structured questionnaire.Periodontal status,dental caries status and malocclusion were assessed according to World Health Organization(WHO) criteria(1997).Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square and Multivariate logistic regression.The confidence level and level of significance were set at 95% and 5%,respectively.Results:The present study suggested that adverse habits,listening to English music and preferring English food had a significant association with dental caries and periodontal diseases.Malocclusion also showed a significant relationship with consuming English food for snacks and desserts.Multivariate analysis revealed a significantly greater odds ratio(OR) for periodontal disease and dental caries among those who preferred English food for lunch.Conclusion:Based on the results of the present study,there is an association between westernization and oral health.

Humanistic caring:the core of nursing

The voice of calling for humanistic concern is always from uncountable doctor-patient conflicts, from which we often hear a doctor is killed or injured for disputes. Prejudice has been rooted in mind that all doctors and nurses are interest-centered and cold-blooded. To some extent, it's true that patterned questions with a poker face are always more than gentle words with warm smile. Nurses are the ones who keep patients company for the longest time. Therefore, caring matters more for them. The explicit concept of "caring" will be introduced and we will attach great importance to how nurses can achieve caring. From the following aspects:the practices of loving kindness, the instillation of faith and hope, sensitivity to indicators of disease, improvem ent of healing environment, communication arts etc, you will understand why nurse is the symbol of angel. We can begin with caring about people around us. Our duty is not only to deal the ill but to warm the chill.

Characteristics of short double stranded RNA against hepatitis C virus: a literature-based analysis

Objective： To describe the characteristics of short interfering double stranded RNA （dsRNA） against hepatitis C virus （HCV） and to fred out the determining factors in design for desirable inhibitory efficacy. Methods： The data were collected and analyzed by retrieval of 229 published short dsRNAs designed for degradation ofHCV RNA. Results： Statistical analyses showed that the most frequently involved short dsRNAs were directing against 5＇NTR/core and genotype lb, accounting for 64.2% and 69.9%, respectively. Inhibitory efficacy varied with the structural characteristics of short dsRNAs, of which the most potential were those directed against HCV core region with inhibitory efficacy of 70.2%. Moreover, the mean inhibitory efficacy of short dsRNAs with GC contents from 30% to 52% was higher than that of those with GC contents out of this range. Conclusion： Based on this pooled data in a relatively large sample, the present results provided clues to design for short dsRNAs with more potent inhibitory efficacy.

Chylous ascites after whole pelvis suspension:case report and literature review

We report a case of Chylous ascites after whole pelvis suspension and to discuss the possible reasons. An 85-year-old female patient with anterior vaginal prolapse 1V （AVP IV）, vaginal vault proplapse IV and posterior vaginal prolapse IV （PVP IV）, developed Chylous ascites 2 weeks after she received whole pelvis suspension, The cause of chylous ascites in the present case was not associated with malignant tumor, hepatic cirrhosis, or inflammation. Therefore, surgical trauma may be considered the cause of disorder. X-ray lymphangioadenography should be performed to draw a final conclusion.

Effect of taurine on GFAP and TauT expressions in rat retinal Müller cells in high glucose culture

Objective： To detect the expression of glial fibrillary acid protein （GFAP） and taurine transporter （TauT） in the retinal Müller cells in high glucose culture with taurine and to explore the influence of glucose on the taurine transporting, and the possible protective effects of taurine on MUller cells in early diabetic retinopathy. Methods： The Müller cells from the rat retina were cultured in high glucose, and GFAP and Taut expressions were detected in the cells treated with different doses of taurine by immuocytochemical fluorescein staining and Western blotting. Results： High glucose enhanced the expression of GFAP and decreased the expression of TauT in Müller cells. Taurine decreased the up-regulation of GFAP in the cells which was induced by high glucose; 0. 1-10 mmol/L taurine increased the expression of TauT in Müller cells. Conclusion： Taurine can inhibit the changes in Müller cell resulted from high glucose.

Local injection of liposomal adriamycin to inhibit metastatic cell proliferation in axillary nodes in rabbits bearing breast tumors

Objective: To assess the inhibitory effects of local injection of liposomal adriamycin (LADR) on the proliferation of lymph node metastases in rabbits bearing VX2 carcinoma in the mammary gland. Methods:Thirty female New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 3 groups, with 10 in each. VX2 tumor mass suspensions were injected into the breast tissues of rabbits. Treatment initiated once the axillary lymph node reached 5 mm in the maximum diameter. Group 1 received a sham treatment. Group 2 received a subcutaneous injection of LADR adjacent to tumor. Group 3 received an intravenous injection of free ADR (FADR) at the same dose and concentration to group 2. The breast tumors and axillary lymph nodes were resected after the treatment was repeated 3 times. The tumor and node sizes before and after treatment were measured. PCNA mRNA expressions in breast tumors and axillary nodes were determined using RT-PCR. Results: The mean growth ratios of lymph nodes after treatment were 3. 70, 1. 55, and 2. 89,respectively, in groups 1,2, and 3. The slowest node growth was observed in animals of group 2, with significant differences from group 1 (P<0. 001) and group 3 (P = 0. 002). The relative values of PCNA mRNA expression in lymph nodes were 0. 541, 0. 329,and 0. 450, respectively, in groups 1,2, and 3. Group 2 exhibited a significantly reduced PCNA mRNA expression in metastatic lymph node, as compared to group 1 (P<0. 001) and group 3 (P = 0. 004). Intravenous FADR injection effectively lowered the mRNA expressions of PCNA in breast tumors, which were not apparently altered after local LADR injection. Conclusion: Local injection of LADR holds a strong inhibitory effect on the proliferation of metastatic tumor cells in lymph nodes and appears to be an effective method for the treatment of lymphatic metastases of breast cancer.

The effect of reactive oxygen species of inducing apoptosis on the hepatocacinoma in the rabbits

Objective:To study the effect of reactive oxygen species of inducing apoptosis on the heptocacinoma tissues following ischemia and reperfusion and perfusion hyperoxia liquid of hepatocarcinoma. Methods: The hepatocarcinoma animal models ware established by implantation of VX2 tumor constitution mass into the left middle lobe of liver of rabbits. The animals were subjected to 60 min clamp-induced ischemia of hepatic artery distributing in the left middle lobe followed by reperfusion at 1 h, 1 d, 3 d and 7 d, respectively, and perfusion hyperoxia liquid (partial pressure of oxygen, PO2>80 kPa) at the same time with reperfusion beginning. The concentration of MDA and NO ware tested. Apoptotic changes in the hepatocarcinoma and normal hepatic tissues were observed by means of HE staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL). Results:The concentration of MDA in normal hepatic tissues and hepatocarcinoma tissue increased followed ischemia and reperfusion especially for reperfusion 1 h (4.61±0.40, 3.10±0.23) and restored to normal level at reperfusion 7 d in normal hepatic tissues but still kept high concentration in the hepatocarcinoma tissue. Even though concentration of MDA in normal hepatic tissues is higher than that of before ischemia and reperfusion, no difference have been found after perfusion of hyperoxia liquid, and in the hepatocarcinoma tissue, the increasing of concentration of MDA was obvious after simply ischemia and reperfusion at reperfusion 1 d (4.25±0.45). The concentration of NO in normal hepatic tissues increased for reperfusion 3 d and 7 d(18.17±0.13, 17.45±0.23),while that of hepatocarcinoma tissue decreased at reperfusion 3 d(15.95±043). After perfusion of hyperoxia liquid, the concentration of NO in normal hepatic tissues kept increasing and that decreased in the hepatocarcinoma tissues in all time point and reached the lowest level at reperfusion 1 d(14.62±0.45).The result demonstrated the changes of concentration of NO and MDA in the hepatocarcinoma tissues ware more obvious than that of normal hepatic tissues(P<0.01). Conclusion:Perfusion of hyperoxia liquid from hepatic portal vein can intensify ischemia and reperfusion injury but less so for normal hepatic tissues.

Anteroposterior cricoid split interposition costal cartilage grafts for laryngotracheal stenosis in children

Objective: To investigate the effects of anteroposterior cricoid spliting interposition costal grafting for moderate and severe laryngotracheal stenosis in children. Methods: From 1995 to 2005, 87 children (aged 1. 2 to 14 years) with moderate and severe glottic and subglottic stenosis were retrospectively studied. They were operated with cricoid spliting laryngotracheal reconstruction in our hospital. All of 87 patients were tracheostomy-dependent before surgery. Results: Eighty-five patients (95%) were successfully decannnulated and got an effective phonation. The follow-up time was more than 5 years. The effect of operation was satisfactory and the growth and development of children was normal. Conclusion: Anteroposterior cricoid split interposition costal cartilage graft is a safe and effective treatment method for moderate and severe glottic and subglottic stenosis in children.

Effects of different doses of acitretin on FGF10 mRNA transcription and its protein translation in HaCaT cells

Objective： To observe the effects of different doses of acitretin on the transcription of FGF10 mRNA and the translation of FGF10 protein in cultured HaCaT cells. Methods： HaCaT cells were treated with different doses of acitretin for 48 h, then the changes on the transcription of FGF10 mRNA and the translation of FGF10 protein in these cells were detected by immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization assay. Results： Compared with the control group, the transcription of FGF10 mRNA and the translation of FGF10 protein were gradually decreased along with the increasing dose of aeitretin. There were significant differences between different groups （P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Aeitretin could inhibit the transcription of FGF10 mRNA and the translation of FGF10 protein in HaCaT cells. With the dose of aeitretin increased, the stains of both FGF10 mRNA and FGF10 protein in HaCaT cells are reduced.

A meta-analysis for assessing the value of MR spectroscopy in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

Objective： To assess the value of MR spectroscopy （MRS） in the diagnosis of prostate cancer by meta-analysis. Methods： Prospective studies were selected from the MEDLINE, Ovid, Embase databases, Springer, Elsevier, China National Knowledge Infrastructure. According to the suggestion, results were determined by the ratio of （Cho＋Cr）/Cit. If this ratio was less than 0.75, negative result was respectively determined, and the definitive tumor was diagnosed as this threshold. According to the assessment standard of Evidence-based Medicine, English and Chinese literature in Grade A and B on MRS imaging was included. According to homogeneity test, different effect models were chosen to calculate different pooled weighted values of sensitivity, specificity and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals （95% CI）. Summary receiver operating characteristic （SROC） curves were used to assess the results. Funnel plot was used to analyze publication bias. Results： According to the assessment standard of Evidence-based Medicine, only 5 papers in Grade B were included in this research. The pooled weighted sensitivity and its 95% confidence interval is 82% （73%, 89%） and the pooled weighted sensitivity and its 95% confidence interval is 68% （58%, 76%）. The AUC （area under curve） is 83.40%. An asymmetric funnel plot suggested two missing studies leading to publication bias. Conclusion： If the ratio of （Cho＋Cr）/Cit is regarded as the diagnostic criteria in detecting prostate cancer by MRS, meta-analysis suggests this method has a better diagnostic value to detect the malignant prostate mass but the sensitivity needs to be improved. We hope to support a method and requirement about diagnostic test. Performing perspective register and improving quality of study design is the only way to reduce the bias and get real information of disease.

Multidetector CT angiography with volumetric three-dimentional rendering to evaluate bronchial arteries in primary lung cancer

Objective：To evaluate the imageologic characteristics of the bronchial arteries （BAs） in primary lung cancer （PLC）with multidetector CT （MDCT）angiography. Methods： Thin-section enhanced CT scanning （with an Toshiba Aquilion 16 scanner） was performed in 164 PLC patients, of whom 123 were confirmed by pathology and the remaining 41 were confirmed by typical radiological and clinical findings. Another 46 patients with normal thoracic CT presentations were served as control. Three-dimensional （3D） images of the BAs were processed at workstation （Vitrea 2, Vital Corp, USA）. Spatial anatomical characters of the BAs were observed using volume rendering （VR） and multiplanar reconstruction （MPR） or maximum intensity projection （MIP）. Results： At least one bronchial artery was displayed clearly on VR in 152 （92.7%） of the 164 PLC patients and 32 （69.6%） of the 46 controls. There were 48. 92% of the right BAs originating from the descending aorta and 46. 24% from the right intercostal artery. 97.53% of the left BAs originated from the descending aorta, and 94.87% of the common trunk from the descending aorta. There were 10 distribution patterns of the BAs, with one on the right and one on the left predominating （48. 68%）. More BA branches were found to reach far from the segmental bronchi or enter into the lesions in the PLC group than those in the control group （25.8% vs 1.7% ）, and also the ipsilateral side of the PLC than the contralateral side （40% vs 8. 8%）. The diameter and the total transaxial areas of the BAs on the ipsilateral side of the PLC lesions were significantly larger than those on the contralateral side or those of the control group （P〈0. 05）. Conclusion：The anatomic characters and pathologic changes can be depicted in vivo stereographically and clearly by CTA with volumetric 3D rendering. Dilation of the BAs and increase of total blood flow in patients with PLC can be evaluated quantitatively, which may be useful in the diagnosis and assessment of PLC, and have the potential to increase the safety and effect of interventional therapy.

Endovascular graft exclusion for descending thoracic aortic dissections

Objective: To assess the operation indications, preoperative evaluation, technique essential and clinical prospective of Endovascular Graft Exclusion for thoracic aortic dissection. Methods: Since September 1998, Endovascular Graft Exclusion for thoracic aortic dissection has been performed on 10 patients. Graft was constructed from self-expanding Z-stents covered with a woven Dacron polyester fabric graft. Ged dimensions were determined ftom spiral computed tomographic scans. All operations were performed under DSA guidance. Results: There was one early death resulting from endoleaks. Proedures in the other 9 patients succeeded. No complications such as myocardial infarction, lung failure, kidney failureand paralysis that commonly occurred ther conventional operations were obsered. Immediate thrombosis in false lumen was achieved in 6 patients, and late thrombosis occurred in 3 patients. Mean follow-up duration was 3 months, the aneurysmal diameter was decreased obviously. Conclusion: These early results support the hypothesis that Endovascular Graft Exclusion may be a safe and durable treatment for selected patients with theracic aortic dissection. Endoleak may allow continued aneurysmal expansion and rupture. Further follow-up is necessary to evaluate the true long-term effectiveness of this procedure.

Metabolic vs. functional effects of endothelin on isolated perfused working rat hearts

objective:To examine the dose-dependent effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on both cardiac function and myocardial metabolism. Methods: lsolated working rat hearts were perfused by oxygenated Krebs buffer with 13 C-enriched substrates (1. 0 mmol/L [3-13C] lactate and 0. 25 mmol/L [1,2~13C ] acetate) ; ET-1 was added to the perfusate to produce an estimated circulating concentration of 6O pmol/L (ET60) or 600 pmol/L (ET600). Myocardial energy metabolism and substrate utilization were analyzed by multi-nuclear (31P and 13 C) magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Meantime, cardiac output (CO), coronary flow (CF) and left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) were recorded (Millar catheter). Results: CT decreased when ET-1 level enhanced (- 30% for ET60 group and - 42% for ET600 group,Pr0. 05). CO transiently increased above control but fell after 35 min infusion (-4% in ET60 group and - 23% in ET600 group respectively,P <0. 05). LVDP was also decreased at the end of ET per fusions. 31P NMR spectroscopy showed a decrease in cellular phosphorylation potential ([ATP]/[ADP][Pi]) when ET-1 level increased (y= 5. 2303e-2-5. 517le 5x R ~ 2= 0. 885). However, It is interesting that the PCr/ATP ratio decreased only in ET6O group, while in ET6oo group the further decrease of [ATP]/[ADP][Pi] did not company a further decrease in PCr/ATP. This phenomenon may suggest an inhibition of CPK activity under the circumstance of high ET-1 level. 13C NMR spectroscopy showed an ET-1 mediated inhibition on exogenous lactate utilization. Conclusion: (1)En dothelin-1 has either a directly positive inotropic effect on isolated perfused rat hearts or an indirectly negative inotropic effect through reduced coronary flow; (2)High level ET-1 may decrease myocardial phosphorylation potential and inhibit CPK activity as well ; (3)Acetate is a better substrate comparing to lactate for myocardium of the patients with increased systemic ET levels.

Experimental study on mRNA and protein expression of urokinase type plasminogen activator in human brain gliomas

Objective: To investigate the relationship between urokinase type plasminogen activator(uPA) activityand the malignant biological behavior of human brain tumors. Methods: The amounts of uPA were measured byNorthern blot hybridization and immunohistochemical methods in 43 cases of brain gliomas and 5 cases of normalbrain tissues,and their relation with the clinical indexes was comprehensively analyzed. Results: All tissues expressed 2. 5 kb transcripts of uPA mRNA. The uPA mRNA levels were significantly higher in high-grade gliomasthan in low-grade gliomas and normal brain tissues (P<0.01),but no remarkable difference was observed betweenlow-grade gliomas and normal brain tissues (P>0.05). Levels of uPA mRNA expression were significantly higherin tumor tissues with recurrences in 18 months postoperatively and a survival period of less than 3 years than intheir counterparts withollt postoperative recurrence in 18 months and with a survival period of more than 3 years(P<0. 01 ). The uPA mRNA was also expressed in tumor cells near necrotic areas. The uPA mRNA expressionwas considerably correlated with the microvessel quantity (MVQ) in gliomas (r= 0. 56, P<0.01),but had no significant correlation with the sex or age of patients and their tumor sizes. The uPA protein was mainly distributed intumor cells and endothelial cells of glioblastomas and anaplastic astrocytomas,whereas it was almost undetectablein low-grade gliomas. Conclusion: The expression of uPA gene is probably associated with the gliomas malignity,playing an irnportant role in predicting the recurrences and invasive behaviors of higher grade gliomas.

Inhibitory effect of matrine on tumor necrosis factor production and protein kinase C activity

The present study was designed to determine the effect of matrine on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production as well as the change of protein kinase C (PK C) activity in cytosol fraction and membrane fraction during the induction. Matrine 0. 5, 1. 0 mmol/L markedly inhibited lipopolysaccharides (50 ng/ml) induced TNF release from peritoneal macrophages (MΦ) primed by calcimycin (1 μmol/L), and PK C activity in cytosol fraction and membrane fraction of MΦ was also inhibited. These results suggest that inhibitory effect of matrine on TNF production is possibly attributed to its inhibitory action on the intercellular PK C activity.

Changes of somatosensory evoked potentials and sciatic nerve conductivity in chronic renal failure in rats

Somatasensory evoked potentials (SEP), sciatic nerve conduction velocity (CV), sciatic nerve Na+-K+-ATPase activity, and lipid peroxide content (LPO) were determined in 8 rats with chronic renal failure induced with 5/6 nephrectomy. Meanwhile, the histological changes were also oserved. Ten rats wtih sham operation served as the control. It was found that in the group with chronic renal failure, the mean peak latency of SEP was significantly prolonged and CV slower than those of the control. In the sciatic nerve tissue, Na+-K+-ATPase activity was loyer and LPO content higher in the tested group than in the control. No significant histological changes of the sciatic nerve were found under optical microscope. These findings suggest that the decrease of nerve conductivity after chronic renal failure might result from the insufficient activity of Na+-K+-ATPase and enhanced generation of free oxygen radicals.

Determination of guanidino compounds in serum and urine in rabbits with cadmium chloride－induced renal tubular injury

Japanese rabbits, weighing 1.7-2.5 kg, were subcutaneously injected with 1.0 mg/kg cadmium chloride in 0.8% saline 3 times a week for 10 weeks. An equal volume of normal saline was injected to the rabbits of the control.Blood was sampled from the auricular marginal vein and 24-hour-urine was collected once a week for every rabbit. The serum and urine level of guanidino compounds (GCs) was determined with high performace liquid chromatography. It was found that the serum level of GCs remained unchanged or slightly increased after the administration of cadmium chloride. The urinary excretion of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) increased slightly in the first week but significantly decreased in the second week (P<0.01 ) and thereafter after cadmium injection. The urinary level of guanidine and methylguanidine decreased slightly and that of guanidinopropionic and guanidino butyric acid increased slightly after cadmium injection. It is considered that the urinary level of GAA is a sensitive index to assess the severity of cadmium chloride-induced renal tubular injury.

Effects of tetrodotoxin monoclonal antibody on the blocking action of tetrodotoxin on sodium channels

The effect of tetrodotoxin(TTX) monoclonal antibody (McAb) 8A5 on the blocking action of TTX on sodium channels was studied by using the electrophysiological technique of whole cell recording.We found the specific TTX McAb have the following characterizations: TTX sensitivity to NG108-15 cell was high , with sodium ion current of NG108-15 cell completely blocked by only 10-6 mol/L level of TTX; when the cell was treated with TTX McAb 8A5 for 1 min and 5min, after the sodium current was completely abolished by TTX, the sodium ion current was restored to 79. 44%?. 20% and 73. 89%?. 74% (n=5) of the control values respectively; when the cell was treated for 1 min with 8A5 and TTX which had been mixed for 1 h before added,the sodium ion current was maintained at 89. 21%?. 41% (n=4) of the control. These results indicated that TTX-induced blockage on the sodium ion current could be powerfully antagonized by TTX McAb 8A5 with two distinct administering ways.

Immunohistochemical demonstration of transforming growth factor－β and bone morphogenetic protein in salivary gland tumors

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)were related to embryonic development and the differentiation of many types of cells. Recent studies showed that they might play an important role in regulating the differentiation o

Establishment of the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HCC－9204 and its characteristics

This study was aimed at providing an experimental model for the research of HCC. Twelve specimens that were pathologically identified as HCC were cultured in vitro . To investigate their biological characteristics, the survived cells were morphologically