Model Prediction and Optimal Control of Gas Oxygen Content for A Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Process

In the municipal solid waste incineration process,it is difficult to effectively control the gas oxygen content by setting the air flow according to artificial experience.To address this problem,this paper proposes an optimization control method of gas oxygen content based on model predictive control.First,a stochastic configuration network is utilized to establish a prediction model of gas oxygen content.Second,an improved differential evolution algorithm that is based on parameter adaptive and t-distribution strategy is employed to address the set value of air flow.Finally,model predictive control is combined with the event triggering strategy to reduce the amount of computation and the controller's frequent actions.The experimental results show that the optimization control method proposed in this paper obtains a smaller degree of fluctuation in the air flow set value,which can ensure the tracking control performance of the gas oxygen content while reducing the amount of calculation.

Pill Defect Detection Based on Improved YOLOv5s Network

To address the problems of low detection accuracy and slow speed of traditional vision in the pharmaceutical industry,a YOLOv5s-EBD defect detection algorithm:Based on YOLOv5 network,firstly,the channel attention mechanism is introduced into the network to focus the network on defects similar to the pill background,reducing the time-consuming scanning of invalid backgrounds;the PANet module in the network is then replaced with BiFPN for differential fusion of different features;finally,Depth-wise separable convolution is used instead of standard convolution to achieve the output Finally,Depth-wise separable convolution is used instead of standard convolution to achieve the output feature map requirements of standard convolution with less number of parameters and computation,and improve detection speed.the improved model is able to detect all types of defects in tablets with an accuracy of over 94%and a detection speed of 123.8 fps,which is 4.27%higher than the unimproved YOLOv5 network model with 5.2 fps.

Improved Circularity Metrology of Small Cylindrical Workpieces by the Segmenting-stitching Technique

To address the alignment and measuring force problem in the segmenting-stitching technique for the circularity metrology of small cylindrical workpieces(diameter less than 1.5 mm and length less than 10 mm),a magnet combination jig method is proposed.A small round magnet is attached between the round magnetic jig and small cylinder,and the other end of the small cylindrical workpiece is attached to some cylindrical magnets.Thus,the smaller cylinder can be put in the V-groove and measured successfully with the magnet combination.For verifying the advantage of the magnet combination jig,four measurement quality evaluations are proposed:the circumferential deviation of neighbor arc contours,radial deviation of neighbor arc contours,angle of inclination between the V-groove and small cylinder,and curvature of the obtained arc.The results show that the matching coefficient is enhanced by 98%,the Euclidean distance of overlap parts of neighbor arc contours is reduced by 68%,the position error is reduced 27%,and the average curvature of the arc contours is improved.It can be concluded that the measuring quality can be enhanced prominently by this magnet combination method for the segmenting-stitching method.

Inductance calculation for 3D microsolenoids with single-layer coils

Three-dimensional(3D) single-layer microcoils have always been a key element for electromagnetic systems;but they lack an easy and accurate method to calculate the inductance value for their complex 3D micro-structures. This paper employed a curve-fitting process to obtain the associated equation for the inductance value and geometric parameters based on the simulation results. The correction factors regarding helical pitch and wire diameter were reviewed,which are used for compensation in the Nagaoka formula. The simulation process numerically simulated the performance of the 3D microcoils using a FEM electro-magnetic-coupled analysis method. Comparison of the simulated inductance value and the Nagaoka formula was undertaken,which shows that the helical pitch and wire diameter contribute a main role in the calculation error. The derived formula was expressed in a concise form to precisely calculate the inductance value of 3D microsolenoids with single-layer coils.

Measurements of Air-kerma in Mammography X-Ray Standard Using Free-air Chamber

Mammography x-rays standard is required to improve the quality of mammary machine and reduce the dose for w omen and staff. The molybdenum target x-rays machine is used as the radiation source and free-air cylindrical chamber is designed for detecting photon. Four standard radiation qualities are established w ith international standard documents as references. The Correction factors including air attenuation,scattered radiation,fluorescence,w all transmission,electron loss are studied in the four radiation quality. The uncertainty in absolute measurement of air-kerma includes air volume measurement of ionization chambers,current measurement,measurement of temperature and pressure,measurement of correction factors,physical constants and orientation of the reference distance. The relative combined standard uncertainty is 0.24%.

Optical generation,detection and non-destructive testing applications of terahertz waves

Optoelectronic terahertz generation and detection play a key role in the applications of non-destructive testing,which involves different areas such as physics,biological,material science,imaging,explosions detection,astronomy applications,semiconductor technology and superconductiong electronics. In this article,we present a reviewof the principle and performance of typical terahertz sources,detectors and non-destructive testing applications. On this basis,the newdevelopment and trends of terahertz radiation detectors are also discussed.

X-ray luminescence computed tomography:an emerging molecular imaging modality

X-ray luminescence computed tomography(XLCT) is an emerging hybrid imaging modality that can be used as a new tool in molecular imaging. XLCT has the potential to achieve the high spatial resolution of X-ray imaging and the high sensitivity feature of optical imaging in deep tissues. In XLCT,high energy X-ray photons are used to excite X-ray excitable particles emitting optical photons to be measured for reconstruction of the particle distribution inside tissues. Numerical simulations and experimental studies have been performed and proved that XLCT is suitable for in vivo small animal imaging. The aim of this review paper is to introduce the background of XLCT and to detail the concept of XLCT,including a brief review of tw o types of XLCT imaging system designs. The major challenges in the development of XLCT are also described. Finally,the future applications and development directions of XLCT are discussed.

Measurement of nonuniform temperature distribution by combining line-of-sight TDLAS with regularization methods

Regularization methods were combined with line-of-sight tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy(TDLAS)to measure nonuniform temperature distribution.Relying on measurements of 12 absorption transitions of water vapor from 1300 nm to 1350 nm,the temperature probability distribution of nonuniform temperature distribution,for which a parabolic temperature profile is selected as an example in this paper,was retrieved by making the use of regularization methods.To examine the effectiveness of regularization methods,truncated singular value decomposition(TSVD),Tikhonov regularization and a revised Tikhonov regularization method were implemented to retrieve the temperature probability distribution.The results derived by using the three regularization methods were compared with that by using constrained linear least-square fitting.The results show that regularization methods not only generate closer temperature probability distributions to the original,but also are less sensitive to measurement noise.Particularly,the revised Tikhonov regularization method generate solutions in better agreement with the original ones than those obtained by using TSVD and Tikhonov regularization methods.The results obtained in this work can enrich the temperature distribution information,which is expected to play a more important role in combustion diagnosis.

Research on Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Based on Improved Multi-target Domain Adversarial Network

Aiming at the problems of low efficiency,poor anti-noise and robustness of transfer learning model in intelligent fault diagnosis of rotating machinery,a new method of intelligent fault diagnosis of rotating machinery based on single source and multi-target domain adversarial network model(WDMACN)and Gram Angle Product field(GAPF)was proposed.Firstly,the original one-dimensional vibration signal is preprocessed using GAPF to generate the image data including all time series.Secondly,the residual network is used to extract data features,and the features of the target domain without labels are pseudo-labeled,and the transferable features among the feature extractors are shared through the depth parameter,and the feature extractors of the multi-target domain are updated anatomically to generate the features that the discriminator cannot distinguish.The modelt through adversarial domain adaptation,thus achieving fault classification.Finally,a large number of validations were carried out on the bearing data set of Case Western Reserve University(CWRU)and the gear data.The results show that the proposed method can greatly improve the diagnostic efficiency of the model,and has good noise resistance and generalization.

Research on Solar Simulation System for Test of Solar Radiation Measuring Instrument

Since traditional solar simulators are mainly applied to spacecraft and photovoltaic industry,they are not suitable for solar radiation measuring instrument test. Therefore,a deep research is carried out on solar simulators to test of solar radiation measuring instrument,so that obtain the requirements of performance test of solar radiation measuring instrument. With a combination of the requirements for national regulations of metrological verification and performance test of pyranometer and pyrheliometer,it lays emphasis on the research of design methods for improving radiation uniformity and stability of solar simulators; it also focuses on design methods of multidimensional detection workbench,which achieves different detection of solar radiation. After practical test,solar irradiation is within Φ60 mm; irradiation non-uniformity is better than ±0.8%; instability is better than ±0.72%;rotating angle precision is better than 0.09°. Then,solar simulator is used to carry out pyranometer sensitivity test,pyranometer directional response test,pyranometer tilt response test and non-linearity test for radiation instruments. Test results showthat the solar simulator meets the testing requirements of solar radiation measuring instruments.

An Uncertainty Analysis of Downward Pressure Applied to the Wafer Based on a Flexible Airbag by a Double Side Polishing Machine

The process of wafer polishing is known to be highly demanding,and even small deviations in the processing parameters can have a significant impact on the quality of the wafers obtained.During the process of wafer polishing,maintaining a constant pressure value applied by the polishing head is essential to achieve the desired flatness of the wafer.The accuracy of the downward pressure output by the polishing head is a crucial factor in producing flat wafers.In this paper,the uncertainty component of downward pressure is calculated and its measurement uncertainty is evaluated,and a method for calculating downward pressure uncertainty traceable to international basic unit is established.Therefore,the reliability of double side polishing machine has been significantly improved.

A Real-time EMF Measuring System for Mobile Communication Towers in Sri Lanka

Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka is the governing body which is responsible for the frequency allocation and monitoring the unauthorized Electromagnetic frequency(EMF)signal transmitting violations.However,in Sri Lanka,currently there is not any proper mechanism to monitor the radiation hazard level and its impact to the people living in the vicinity of mobile communication towers.There are approximately 7000 mobile transmitting towers in Sri Lanka to date and the used frequency range lies between 900 MHz to 3 GHz for mobile communication.Over the last few decades,many of the health hazard conditions were reported due to the radiation of those harmful EMFs.To cater this problem,a portable real time EMF signal strength measuring system with a radiation hazard level indicator was developed to monitor the EMF level and its impact.The proposed system operates with three intermediate frequency bands(i.e.900 MHz,1800 MHz and 2400 MHz)and it’s capable of measuring the power density and the radiation hazard level at that particular point which is being measured.Moreover,the corresponding radiation hazard level is indicated with reference to the standard power density levels published by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection(ICNIRP^(*)).The system works with the overall accuracy of 88%in terms of identifying the power densities and its corresponding radiation hazard levels.

Recent developments in non-invasive blood glucose monitoring technology

Diabetes mellitus is a huge and significantly grow ing problem. Continuous and real-time monitoring of blood glucose plays a key role for the people with diabetes,which can help them to control glucose concentration more effectively. However,current blood glucose monitoring methods require blood by needle-pricking,which limit the detection frequency. It is necessary to develop non-invasive blood glucose monitoring methods to achieve the ideal therapeutic and management of diabetes. In this paper,the developments and challenges of non-invasive blood glucose monitoring technologies in recent years are reviewed. And the bottleneck and the developing trends are also analyzed.

Instrumentation

Journal Scope:Instrumentation is a high quality open access peer reviewed research journal.Authors are solicited to contribute to these journals by submitting articles that illustrate most up-to-date research results,projects,surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the instrumental science.The mission of the Instrumentation is to provide a platform for the researchers,academicians,professors,practitioners and students from all over the world to develop and propose high quality ideas and to impart and share knowledge.The goal of the journal is to host theoretical and practical aspects and reports on experimental activities concerning instrumentation and introduce new and emerging areas of these fields.

Sensory Data Prediction Using Spatiotemporal Correlation and LSTM Recurrent Neural Network

The Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)are widely utilized in various industrial and environmental monitoring applications.The process of data gathering within the WSN is significant in terms of reporting the environmental data.However,it might occur that certain sensor node malfunctions due to the energy draining out or unexpected damage.Therefore,the collected data may become inaccurate or incomplete.Focusing on the spatiotemporal correlation among sensor nodes,this paper proposes a novel algorithm to predict the value of the missing or inaccurate data and predict the future data in replacement of certain nonfunctional sensor nodes.The Long-Short-Term-Memory Recurrent Neural Network(LSTM RNN)helps to more accurately derive the time-series data corresponding to the sets of past collected data,making the prediction results more reliable.It is observed from the simulation results that the proposed algorithm provides an outstanding data gathering efficiency while ensuring the data accuracy.

Temperature effect on the reference frequency of FDR soil moisture sensor

The FDR automatic soil moisture sensor must determine reference frequency in the air and water. Experimental studies show that the water reference frequency is influenced by water temperature. The variation of the reference frequency of the sensor is measured with the change of the water temperature,then analysis the influence of the volume water content measurement of the sensor,analysis found that the error is not more than 3% for the measurement of the volumetric water content of the temperature.

Research on High Altitude Remote Sensing Building Segmentation Based on Improved U-Net Algorithm

Building extraction from high resolution remote sensing image is a key technology of digital city construction[14].In order to solve the problems of low efficiency and low precision of traditional remote sensing image segmentation,an improved U-Net network structure is adopted in this paper.Firstly,in order to extract efficient building characteristic information,FPN structure was introduced to improve the ability of integrating multi-scale information in U-Net model;Secondly,to solve the problem that feature information weakens with the deepening of network depth,an efficient residual block network is introduced;Finally,In order to better distinguish the target area and background area in the image and improve the precision of building target edge detection,the cross entropy loss and Dice loss were linearly combined and weighted.Experimental results show that the algorithm can improve the image segmentation effect and improve the image accuracy by 18%.

Use of Fuzzy Neural Network in Industrial Sorting of Apples

In this paper,an automated system and methodology for nondestructive sorting of apples are presented.Different from the traditional manual grading method,the automated,nondestructive sorting equipment can improve the production efficiency and the grading speed and accuracy.Most popular apple quality detection and grading methods use two-dimensional(2D)machine vision detection based on a single charge-coupled device(CCD)camera detect the external quality.Our system integrates a 3D structured laser into an existing 2D sorting system,which provides the addition third dimension to detect the defects in apples by using the curvature of the structured light strips that are acquired from the optical system of the machine.The curvature of the structured light strip will show the defects in the apple surface.Other features such as color,texture,shape,size and 3D information all play key roles in determining the grade of an apple,which can be determined using a series of feature extraction methods.After feature extraction,a method based on principal component analysis(PCA)for data dimensionality reduction is applied to the system.Furthermore,a comprehensive classification method based on fuzzy neural network(FNN),which is a combination of knowledge-based and model-based method,is used in this paper as the classifier.Preliminary experiments are conducted to verity the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed sorting system.

Development of a 2D Vibration Stage for Vibration-assisted Micro-milling

Vibration-assisted machining(VAM) has the advantages of extending tool life,reducing cutting force and improving the surface finish.Implementation of vibration assistance with high frequency and amplitude is still a challenge,especially for a micro-milling process.In this paper,a new 2D vibration stage for vibration-assisted micro-milling is developed.The kinematics of the milling process with vibration assistance is modeled,and the effects of vibration parameters on the periodic tool-workpiece separation(TWS) is analyzed.The structure of the vibration stage is designed with flexure hinges,and two piezoelectric actuators are used to drive the stage in two directions.An amplifier is integrated into the vibration stage,and the dynamics of the whole vibration system are identified and analyzed.Micro-milling experiments are conducted to determine the effects of vibration assistance on cutting force and surface quality.

Effect of Peak Power and Pulse Width on Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar’s SNR

The laser device is the core component of coherent Doppler wind lidar.The peak power and pulse width of laser transmitting pulse have important effects on SNR.Based on coherent Doppler wind pulse lidar,the peak power and pulse width influence on SNR is studied on the theoretical derivation and analysis,and the results show that the higher the peak power can realize the greater the signal-to-noise ratio of coherent Doppler wind lidar.But when the peak power is too large,the laser pulse may appear nonlinear phenomenon,which cause the damage of the laser.So,the peak power must be less than the stimulated brillouin scattering power threshold.Increasing the pulse width can make the laser device to output more energy,but it will also make the spatial resolution lower,and the influence of turbulence on SNR will be greater.After a series of simulation analyses,it can be concluded that when the peak power is 650W and the pulse width is 340ns,the SNR of the system can be maximized.In addition,the coherent Doppler wind lidar system is set up to carry out corresponding experimental verification.The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis and simulation,which verifies the correctness of the theoretical analysis and simulation results.It provides theoretical basis and practical ex-perience for the design of laser transmitting pulse in coherent Doppler wind lidar system.