Incorporation of SCBA in Red Ceramics and Sintering in Microwave Oven

The present study investigated the incorporation of sugarcane bagasse ash(SCBA)in red ceramics,sintered in conventional oven and microwave oven,aiming to provide an alternative product,and a sintering process with higher energy efficiency in the production of red ceramics.The raw materials were characterized by XRF,XRD,thermogravimetry,particle size distribution and specific mass analyses.The specimens were shaped by extrusion in two different compositions,red clay and red clay with addition of 20%SCBA and sintered at temperatures from 700 to 1100℃.The conventional sintering occurred for 60 min with heating rate of 10℃/min.In the microwave oven the sintering occurred in a hybrid way,with heating rate of 50℃/min for 5,10 and 15 mins.After sintering the tests of linear shrinkage,compressive strength,water absorption,apparent porosity and apparent specific mass were performed.The addition of SCBA causes an increase in the values of water absorption and decreases the compressive strength and specific mass of the red ceramic.This occurs due to the creation of pores inside the material from the volatilization of organic matter present in the ashes.The sintering in microwave oven,when compared to conventional sintering,promotes an increase in the values of compressive strength and specific mass and reduction of water absorption values of ceramics,probably due to the refinement of the microstructure and the higher densification.Thus the incorporation of ashes can be partially compensated by a more efficient sintering.The use of SCBA and the sintering in microwave oven,showed to be viable alternatives in the development of a more sustainable and light material,promoting the management of waste,reduction in the consumption of raw materials and energy saving.

Solving the Problem of Silicon Dioxide Melting Based on Deviation Model

In order to reveal the dissolution behavior of iron tailings in blast furnace slag,we studied the main component of silica in iron tailings.First,edge contour features need to be established to represent the melting process of silica.We choose shape,perimeter,area and generalized radius as objects.By independently analyzing the influence of these four indexes on the melting rate,the area and shape were selected as the characteristic parameters of the edge contour of the silica particles.Then,the actual melting rate of the silica is estimated by the edge contour feature index.Finally,we can calculate the melting rate of the first second of three time periods of 0.00010312mm^3/s,0.0002399mm^3/s,0.0000538mm^3/s.

Effects of Polypyrrole / Graphene Oxide Composites with Different Reaction Times on Electrochemical Performance

Graphene oxide(GO)was prepared using the modified Hummers method and used as a template for polypyrrole.Polypyrrole was polymerized in situ on the surface of GO to finally obtain the polypyrrole/graphene oxide composite material.The effects of different reaction times on the electrochemical performance of polypyrrole/graphene oxide in the second step were studied.It was obtained that the composite material had optimal properties when the reaction time was 24 h.

GHG Emissions and Role of Polymeric Materials in Mitigation

GHG emissions of methane(CH4)have double,and CO2 are close to double compared to pre-industrial levels.GHG emission mitigation is possible by avoiding their generation,or by emission mitigation technologies.CO2 can be stored/fixed in minerals,rocks,EOR,underground formations,chemicals,and polymeric materials and many more.Polymeric materials also play role in GHG mitigation,and more focus is required on this aspect.

Reflection Loss is a Parameter for Film,not Material

In studies of microwave absorption in the current literature,theories such as reflection loss,impedance matching,the delta function,and the quarter-wavelength model have been inappropriately applied.As shown in this case study,these problems need to be corrected as they are representative of similar work in the literature.

Recent Progress in Superhydrophobic Coatings Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Experimental Techniques

Superhydrophobic(SH)coatings are intended to resist a surface from cor­rosion and thereby increases the product life duration.It is also a promising solution to save cleaning costs and time by providing self-clean nature to the surface.This review article provides the most recent updates in design­ing SH surfaces and their characterizations adopted both in experimental and computational techniques.To gain a comprehensive perspective,the SH surfaces present in nature those are inspiring human beings to mimic such surfaces are introduced at the beginning of this article.Subsequently,different fabrication techniques undertaken recently to design artificial SH surfaces are briefly discussed.Recent progress in computations employed in the development of SH surfaces is then discussed.Next,the limitations in SH surfaces are addressed.Finally,perceptiveness of different strategies and their limitations are presented in the concluding remarks and outlook.Overall,this mini review article brings together and highlights the significant advancements in fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces which may surely help the early-stage researchers/scientists to plan their work accordingly.

Fluid Mechanics and Heat-Transfer Operations Combination Involved in Urea Unit of Fertilizer Complex

Fertilizer plants are most complex plants in the world (Rashid et al., 2013, Process Safety Progress) and its good opportunity to learn science from operations involved in these plants. Fluid mechanics and heat transfer operations combination involved in fertilizer complexes are explored in this article.

Author Guidelines

This document provides some guidelines to authors for submission in order to work towards a seamless submission process.While complete adherence to the following guidelines is not enforced,authors should note that following through with the guidelines will be helpful in expediting the copyediting and proofreading processes,and allow for improved readability during the review process.

Sustainable Textile Industry:An Overview

The purpose of this study was to offer a general concept and overview of the textile industry’s environmental sustainability assessment.The textile and garment industries cause environmental damage at every stage of manufacturing,from the cultivation of raw materials through the disposal of finished goods.Chemical loading,high water consumption,high energy consumption,air pollution,solid waste,and odour creation are all key environmental concerns in the textile industry.To achieve sustainable production,it is necessary to examine the performance of the textile sector while considering the three elements of sustainability.To study and locate recent and related works,five keywords were used:environmental;sustainability;eco-design;manufacturer;supply chain management.All through the life cycle of textile products,the textile sector has a substantial environmental impact.This paper illustrates how the textile industry may use strategic ways to improve ecologically sustainable textile product usage and manufacturing.A discussion is focused on how to be increased sustainability in the textile industry.This paper introduces key principles for ecologically sustainable business practices to consider(e.g.,eco-design,corporate social responsibility,and green supply chain management).It is critical that all stakeholders in the textile industry,including consumers,producers,environmental protection is emphasized in the manufacture and use of textile goods by the distribution chain and customers.

A critical review on flocculants and flocculation

The article critically reviews the applications of biopolymers in the area of water treatment. A number of biopolymers were reported for their flocculation behavior for treating the wastewater and making it suitable for various industrial as well as agricultural purposes via chemical alteration onto its backbone. Wastewater treatment was followed by flocculation process using standard ‘Jar test protocol’. Minute quantities of dosage were found be ideal to diminish the organic, biological and suspended loads from wastewater sample. The process of flocculation using biopolymers was also found economically suitable compared to other various processes applied in water treatment.

Electrical Resistivity Survey on Two Waste Dumpsites at Nguru,Potiskum,Yobe State,Nigeria to Determine the Effect of Leachates on Ground Water Aquifer

The research intends to bring out the contribution of leachate on groundwater in two dumpsites in Nguru and Potiskum all in Yobe state,Nigeria.A total of seven(7)and eight(8)VES by Schlumberger electrode with the use of Wenner electrode configuration.The results were interpreted by the use of WinRESIST for VES and IPWIN2INV for ERT.The study pointed out that,the area in question is comprised of four layers of geoelectric such as the topsoil,clay,sand,sandy clay and sand.The range of the first resistivity layer was from 6.16Ωm to 332Ωm in the first geo-electric layer and its thickness range from 2.77 m to 37.7 m and a depth range of 2.77 m to 37.7 m.the range of the second resistivity layer was from 16.5Ωm to 37.9Ωm which has the range of its thickness from 4.1 m to 10.7 m.The range of the third resistivity layer was from 101.2Ωm to 288.2Ωm which has the range of its thickness from 38.9 m to 99.7 m,and the first aquifer in the area.The range of the first resistivity layer was from 100.7Ωm to 214.3Ωm which has the range of its thickness from 28.5 m to 94 m.The fifth layer which is the second aquifer and has resistivity from 254Ωm to 350Ωm with a very large thickness.The range of the first resistivity aquifer is from 101.2Ωm to 288.2Ωm and the range of the second resistivity aquifer is from 253.8Ωm to 350.1Ωm.The 2D ERT profiles unveiled areas with low resistant zones and later discussed as zones penetrated by contaminants originated from dumpsites whereas high resistant zones represent areas of low or non-conductive materials in the area.Data obtained from four dumpsites indicated that leachate of the waste dumpsites penetrated into aquifers and polluted the groundwater.The existence of contaminants in the water was noted by a decrease in the formation resistant values.It is seen,from the results of the survey(geophysical)that the water in the area is polluted and it accounts for the prevalence of any disease related to water that are common in the area.

Truth and False-carbon Dioxide Mitigation Technologies

Research progress is required to be enhanced for those storage technologies which store CO_(2)fast and permanently.However,temporary storage technologies importance cannot be denied to immediately reduce global warming and reduce higher CO_(2)concentration in the atmosphere.Continuous CO_(2)storage facilities,semi-batch and batch pilot plants deemed necessary to build for future survival of the earth planet.Membranes can be used to separate CO_(2)from common flue gases followed by mineral carbonation to convert CO_(2)into stable carbonates.Modifications in cement industry,coal fired power plants,fertilizer industries and other chemical process industries appears essential.

Development of Superhydrophobic Polyester (Polyethylene terephthalate) Fabric for Multiple Applications

This study intended to develop a healthy and environmentally friendly super-hydrophobic PET polyester textile fabric using a specific Fluoro Silane finish(SHF).A novel SHF was prepared and applied on a polyester fabric using a pad-dry-cure method.The finished fabric was evaluated for the degree of hydrophobicity,durability and stain repellence.The finished fabric exhibited static water contact angle greater than 170o and received 90 AATCC(4 ISO)rating that is recognized as super-hydrophobicity and this property was maintained even after a 50,000-cycle abrasion test.FTIR analysis identified the characteristic peaks related to Si-O-Si and C-F asymmetric stretching bands of the finish on the fabric indicating a robust attachment on the fabric.Finished fabric did not show any change in appearance or tactile characteristics of the fabric.

Highly-transparent Perovskite Thin Films Obtained by a Wet Chemical Processing Method

Barium titanate thin films are widely used for making the multilayer capacitors. High transmittance barium titanate thin films are rarely reported in the literature. This work reports a new sol-gel routine for obtaining high transmittance BaTiO3 (BTO) thin films, then the optical responses of the products are evaluated. Experimental results show that the topography and morphology of BTO coating are improved using our established method and thus the better optical responses have BTO obtained. It is seen that the optical losses of BTO thin coating are lower in contrast to similar works. Results also indicate that increment of the calcination temperature reduces the thin films transparency and thickness. Other results show that an increase in the withdrawal rate of the substrate from the sol results in an increase in the BTO coating thickness and a decrease in transparency of the BTO coating. The prepared highly transparent nanothin films are amorphous due to the maximum temperature experienced and are as thin as 30 nm. We think that obtained BTO thin coatings are desired for optical and electro-optical applications.

A Foreword from the Editor-in-Chief

*Corresponding Author:Ali Durmus,Istanbul University Cerrahpasa,Turkey;Email:durmus@istanbul.edu.tr I am very happy to announce that the Non-Metallic Material Science(NMMS)which is an open access and multidisciplinary academic journal and a technical platform bringing out original research work and covering all aspects of non-metallic materials,has started its publication journey by the Bilingual Publishing Co.,in 2019.The scope of the journal is devoted to publish original experimental and theoretical research papers,reviews,short communications,and technical notes mainly in the areas of polymeric materials,composites and hybrid materials,inorganic and carbon-based materials.

The Effect of Methacrylic Acid and Maleic Acid on the Isothermal Kinetics of Acrylic Acid Crosslinking Co-polymerization under Conventional and Microwave heating

The kinetics of free-radical crosslinking co-polymerization(FRCCP)of acrylic acid(AA)with both methacrylic acid(MA)(PAMA hydrogel)and maleic acid(MAL)(PAMAL hydrogel)was investigated under the conditions of isothermal conventional heating(CH)and under the conditions of microwave heating(MWH)with controlled cooling.The kinetics curves of FRCCP of PAMA and PAMAL hydrogels under the conditions of CH are described with the kinetics model of second order chemical reaction,whereas the kinetics curves under the conditions of CH are described with the kinetics model of Polany-Winger.It is proved that MWH leads to the changes in the rate of FRCCP and to the changes in the values of the kinetic parameters activation energy(Ea)and pre-exponential factor(lnA).It was found the existence of relationship between the values of the kinetic parameters calculated for MWH and CH for PAMA and PAMAL hydrogel synthesis process,which is well-known as compensation effect.The effect of MWH on the kinetics of FRCCP for PAMA and PAMAL hydrogel formation were explained by applying the model of activation by selective energy transfer(SET).The changes in kinetics model,rate of FRCCP and kinetics parameters,caused with the MWH can found wide application in designing novel technologies for obtaining polymers and for synthesis of polymers with novel physico-chemical properties.The suggested mechanism of activation for polymerisation under the conditions of MWH also enables development of novel reaction systems and technologies for polymers productions.

Optimization of Input Parameters of AWJM: Using Three Different Abrasives on MS2062

The objective of this work is to optimize input parameters of AWJM (Abrasive Water Jet Machining) such as Nozzle Transverse Speed (NTS), Abrasive Flow Rate (AFR) and Stand-off Distance (SOD) using three different abrasives Garnet, Brown Fused Alumina and White Aluminum Oxide on MS2062 and to compare their performance with surface finish, MRR and kerf angle. Experiments were conducted according to Taguchi’s design of experiments. Analysis of variance is conducted to investigate the influence of each parameter on responses Three controllable parameters of three levels are applied for determining the optimal responses The results revealed that NTS is a most significant factor for MRR among three abrasives followed by AFR and SOD, with regards to surface finish and MRR White Aluminum Oxide has emerged as a most strong abrasive followed by Brown Fused Alumina and Garnet. It is recommended, to achieve the better surface finish, less kerf angle and good MRR White Aluminum Oxide be used in place of Garnet which is mostly used by the industry today.

A Parametric Approach to the Evaluation of Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramic or Glass Like Cylindrical Rods at Ambient Temperature

This critical review presents a parametric approach to the evaluation of flexural strength of advanced ceramic or glass like cylindrical rods at ambient temperature.The parameters governing the measurement and evaluation of flexure strengths of glasses and ceramics are detailed with references.The scope for improvement in the existing ASTM STM C-1684 standard is described with a logical rationale and the parameters that need to be addressed are listed and explained.

Impedance,What It Is,How It Is Measured,and Why It Is Needed

Impedance is the basic concept and quantity when measuring an electromagnetic field near the earth’s surface.It is shown how the antennas of the IPI device are oriented,and how the coordinate system is set.It is established why the phase difference of the electromagnetic field component is limited to the limits from zero to minus ninety degrees.The introduction of the basic electrophysical characteristics of a continuous medium-dielectric constant and electrical conductivity-is considered.For a homogeneous medium,the dependence of impedance on electrophysical quantities is given.The Riccati equation for impedance is given.Not only the horizontal arrangement of the electrical cable is considered,but also the vertical one.The latter allows you to explore the electrical parameters of the media.

Editorial on Emerging Trends in Polymeric Materials Research and Applications

Polymeric materials especially nanocomposites(Graphene,MXene based)are widely used in food,electronics,biomedical,batteries,energy storage,fuel cells,wastewater treatment,and automotive[1].Nanocomposites are stronger,lighter,and stiffer and can improve properties such as mechanical strength,electrical conductivity,thermal stability,flame retardancy,surface appearance,optical clarity and chemical resistance.Current research is focus­ing on nanocomposites applications[1-3],CO_(2)cap­turing polymers[4],making polymers degradable[5-7]especially developing bio-composites[8]and green composites[9,10]which are degradable。