Search for Signatures of New Heavy Top Quark of the Fourth Generation at the Hadron Colliders

The Fourth Generation and Vector Like Quark (VLQ) models are extensions of the Standard Model of particles physics. These models predict the existence of new heavy quarks like heavy top quark t' with electric charge 2/3 and heavy bottom quark b' with electric charge -1/3. The t' and b' will act the fourth generation quarks. In current work we present a search for a pair production of a fourth generation quark, t' quark and its antiparticle, followed by their decays to Z, W bosons followed by decays to trilepton e-e-μ+ plus jets and missing transverse energy in the final state according to the process . We use Monte Carlo simulation techniques Pythia8, MadGraph5 and CalcHEP to simulate this process at both the Large Hadron Collider at CERN (proton-proton collisions) and the Fermilab Tevatron Collider (proton-antiproton collisions). We assume that the t' quark is a narrow state that always decay to a W and Z bosons plus jets. We select 2 electrons + jets+ missing energy final states with one isolated μ with high transverse momentum. The three charged leptons plus missing energy in the final state offer the best discovery potential at the hadron colliders for new heavy top quark mass of 500 GeV. We study the possible signals at both the LHC and the Tevatron of new quarks t' coupled to the third generation quarks in the context of fourth generation and vector like quark models under the assumption of a branching ratios BR(t'→Wb)=50%?and BR(t'→Zt)=50%. Heavy quark pair production gives interesting signals in final states with three charged leptons plus missing energy. Finally, from our analysis the new heavy fourth generation quark t' can be discovered at both the Tevatron and the LHC with mass 500 GeV.

The Photon Wave Function

The properties of a wave equation for a six-component wave function of a photon are re-analyzed. It is shown that the wave equation presents all the properties required by quantum mechanics, except for the ones that are linked with the definition of the position operator. The situation is contrasted with the three-component formulation based on the Riemann-Silberstein wave function. The inconsistency of the latter with the principles of quantum mechanics is shown to arise from the usual interpretation of the wave function. Finally, the Lorentz invariance of the six-component wave equation is demonstrated explicitly for Lorentz boosts and space inversion.

Role of Ion-Surface Interaction at the Entry Surface on the Energy Loss of Highly Charged Slow Ions in Solids

Evidence is obtained from the data of an earlier measurement that the effect of ion-surface interaction on the stopping power of highly charged slow ions is not at all tiny rather remarkably large, even it supersedes the bulk stopping power. The stopping power due to the surface interactions is directly proportional to the charge state of incident ions.

Double Differential Cross-Section for the Ionization of Hydrogenic 2S Metastable State

Double differential cross-sections of first Born estimation for ionization of hydrogenic 2S state by electrons are assessed for various kinematics situations in the asymmetric coplanar geometry. A final state wave function of multiple scattering theory is followed in this study. The present outcomes are compared with those of hydrogenic ground state, 2P state and ground state experimental results. Obtained findings show a good qualitative agreement with existing results.

Classical Dynamics of Muonic-Electronic Helium and Heliumlike Ions: The Allowance for the Eccentricity of the Muon and Nucleus Orbits

In the previous paper by one of us (hereafter paper I), the author considered Rydberg states of the muonic-electronic helium atom or helium-like ion and used the fact that the muon motion occurs much more rapidly than the electron motion. Assuming that the muon and nucleus orbits are circular, he applied the analytical method based on separating rapid and slow subsystems. He showed that the electron moves in an effective potential that is mathematically equivalent to the potential of a satellite orbiting an oblate planet like the Earth. He also showed that the “unperturbed” elliptical orbit of the electron engages in two precessions simultaneously: the precession of the electron orbit in the plane of the orbit and the precession of the orbital plane of the electron around the axis perpendicular to the plane of the muon and nuclear orbits. The problem remained whether or not the allowance for the ellipticity of the orbit could significantly change the results. In the present paper, we address this problem: we study how the allowance for a relatively low eccentricity ε of the muon and nucleus orbits affects the motion of the electron. We derive an additional, ε-dependent term in the effective potential for the motion of the electron. We show analytically that in the particular case of the planar geometry (where the electron orbit is in the plane of the muon and nucleus orbits), it leads to an additional contribution to the frequency of the precession of the electron orbit. We demonstrate that this additional, ε-depen- dent contribution to the precession frequency of the electron orbit can reach the same order of magnitude as the primary, ε-independent contribution to the precession frequency. Therefore, the results of our paper seem to be important not only qualitatively, but also quantitatively.

Neural Networks Search for Charged Higgs Boson in Two Doublet Higgs Model at the Hadrons Colliders

In this work we present an analysis of a search for charged Higgs boson in the context of Two Doublet Higgs Model (2HDM) which is an extension of the Standard Model of particles physics where the 2HDM predicts by existence scalar sector with new five Higgs bosons;two of them are electrically charged and the other three Higgs bosons are neutral charged. Our analysis based on the Monte Carlo data produced from the simulation of 2HDM with proton antiproton collisions at the Tevatron = 1.96 TeV (Fermi Lab) and proton proton collisions at the LHC = 14 TeV (CERN) with final state includes electron, muon, multiple jets and missing transverse energy via the production and decay of the new Higgs in the hard process where the dominant background (electrons and muons) for this process comes from the Standard Model processes via the production and decay of top quark pair. We assumed that the branching ratio of charged Higgs boson to tau lepton and neutrino is 100%. We used the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) which are an efficient technique to discriminate the signal of charged Higgs boson from the SM background for charged Higgs boson masses between 80 GeV and 160 GeV. Also we calculated the production cross section at different energies, decay width, branching ration and different kinematics distribution for charged Higgs boson and for the final state particles.

Application of Dvoretzky’s Theorem of Measure Concentration in Physics and Cosmology

Using Dvoretzky’s theorem in conjunction with Bohm’s picture of a quantum particle inside a guiding quantum wave akin to De Broglie-Bohm pilot wave we derive Einstein’s famous formula E = mc2 as the sum of two parts E(O) = mc2/22 of the quantum particle and E(D) = m c2 (21/22) of the quantum wave where m is the mass, c is the speed of light and E is the energy. In addition we look at the problem of black holes information in the presence of extra dimensions where it seems initially that extra dimensions would logically lead to a hyper-surface for a black hole and consequently a reduction of the corresponding information density due to the dilution effect of these additional dimensions. The present paper argues that the counterintuitive opposite of the above is what should be expected. Again this surprising result is a consequence of the same well known theorem on measure concentration due to I. Dvoretzky. We conclude that there are only two real applications of the theorem and we expect that many more applications in physics and cosmology will be found in due course.

Moments of Inertia, Magnetic Dipole Moments, and Electric Quadrupole Moments of the Lithium Isotopes

The single-particle Schrödinger fluid model is designed mainly to calculate the moments of inertia of the axially symmetric deformed nuclei by assuming that each nucleon in the nucleus is moving in a single-particle potential which is deformed with time t, through its parametric dependence on a classical shape variable α(t). Also, the Nilsson model is designed for the calculations of the single-particle energy levels, the magnetic dipole moments, and the electric quadrupole moments of axially symmetric deformed nuclei by assuming that all the nucleons are moving in the field of an anisotropic oscillator potential. On the other hand, the nuclear superfluidity model is designed for the calculations of the nuclear moments of inertia and the electric quadrupole moments of deformed nuclei which have no axes of symmetry by assuming that the nucleons are moving in a quadruple deformed potential. Furthermore, the cranked Nilsson model is designed for the calculations of the total nuclear energy and the quadrupole moments of deformed nuclei which have no axes of symmetry by modifying the Nilsson potential to include second and fourth order oscillations. Accordingly, to investigate whether the six p-shell isotopes 6Li, 7Li, 8Li, 9Li, 10Li, and 11Li have axes of symmetry or not, we applied the four mentioned models to each nucleus by calculating their moments of inertia, their magnetic dipole moments, and their electric quadrupole moments by varying the deformation parameter β and the non-axiality parameter γ in wide ranges of values for this reason. Hence for the assumption that these isotopes are deformed and have axes of symmetry, we applied the single-particle Schrödinger fluid model and the Nilsson model. On the other hand, for the assumption that these isotopes are deformed and have no axes of symmetry, we applied the cranked Nilsson model and the nuclear super fluidity model. As a result of our calculations, we can conclude that the nucleus 6Li may be assumed to be deformed and has an axis of symmetry.

Search of New Higgs Boson in B-L Model at the LHC Using Monte Carlo Simulation

The aim of this work is to search for a new heavy Higgs boson in the B-L extension of the Standard Model at LHC using the data produced from simulated collisions between two protons at different center of mass energies by Monte Carlo event generator programs to find new Higgs boson signatures at the LHC. Also, we study the production and decay channels for Higgs boson in this model and its interactions with the other new particles of this model namely the new neutral gauge massive boson and the new fermionic right-handed heavy neutrinos νh.

The Missing Dark Energy of the Cosmos from Light Cone Topological Velocity and Scaling of the Planck Scale

The paper presents an exact analysis leading to an accurate theoretical prediction of the amount of the mysteriously missing hypothetical dark energy density in the cosmos. The value found, namely 95.4915028% is in full agreement with earlier analysis, the WMAP and the supernova cosmic measurements. The work follows first the strategy of finding a critical point which separates a semi-classical regime from a fully relativistic domain given by topological unit interval velocity parameter then proceeds to wider aspects of a topological quantum field of fractal unit interval. This idea of a critical velocity parameter was first advanced by Sigalotti and Mejias in 2006 who proposed a critical value equal . A second interesting proposal made in 2012 by Hendi and Sharifzadeh set the critical point at 0.8256645. The present analysis is based upon a light cone velocity quantized coordinate. This leads to the same quantum relativity energy mass relation found in earlier publications by rescaling that of Einstein’s special relativity. Two effective quantum gravity formulae are obtained. The first is for the ordinary measurable energy of the quantum particle while the second is for dark energy density of the quantum wave which we cannot measure directly and we can only infer its existence from the measured accelerated expansion of the universe E(D) = where . The critical velocity parameter in this case arises naturally to be . The results so obtained are validated using a heuristic Lorentzian transformation. Finally the entire methodology is put into the wider perspective of a fundamental scaling theory for the Planck scale proposed by G. Gross.

Variants of Nuclear Power Plants of Small and Medium Power with Heavy Liquid-Metal Coolants

New design solutions have been proposed for a BRS-GPG type reactor circuit, which are different from transport and stationary low and medium-powered reactor installations cooled with heavy liquid-metal coolants, and which correspond to the evolutionary development of such installations. While developing these solutions, the available experience in creating and operating Soviet pilot and commercial power plants cooled with lead-bismuth coolants was used, including investigations, primarily experimental ones, carried out by team of authors in justification of a capacity range (50 - 250 MW) of low and medium-powered reactor plants with horizontal steam generators (BRS- GPG) proposed and elaborated at the NNSTU.

Ionization of Metastable 2P-State Hydrogen Atoms by Electron Impact for Coplanar Asymmetric Geometry

The triple differential cross-sections of First Born approximation have been calculated for ionization of metastable 2P-state hydrogen atoms by electron impact in the asymmetric coplanar geometry. In this study a multiple scattering theory of ionization of hydrogen atoms is used. The latest results of the present method are compared with other calculations. It will be added for new experimental study of ionization of hydrogen atoms in their metastable states.

Temperature Effects on the Equation of State and Symmetry Energy: A Critique

The investigation of strongly interacting systems ranges from matter inside atomic nuclei to matter under extreme conditions in astrophysics. These systems require the introduction of nuclear forces and a systematic many-body approach to solve the strong interaction particles. Understanding the behavior of infinite nuclear matter provides a path to predict the properties of neutron stars and gives insights to astrophysical phenomena. Three-nucleon forces have to be considered when studying nuclear systems, because their impact is necessary to reproduce properties of nuclei and to correctly obtain the neutron drip line. Moreover, they are needed to predict the empirical saturation properties of infinite nuclear matter. The self-consistent Green’s Function approach paves the way for an improved Ab initio analysis of nuclear matter, thereby providing the basis for the equation of state of neutron stars and supernova explosions.

Experimental Studies of Heat Transfer Characteristics and Properties of the Cross-Flow Pipe Flow Melt Lead

The process of heat transfer in a HLMC cross-flow around heat-transfer tubes is not yet thoroughly studied. Therefore, it is of great interest to carry out experimental studies for determining the heat transfer characteristics in a lead coolant cross-flow around tubes. It is also interesting to explore the velocity and temperature fields in a HLMC flow. To achieve this goal, experts of the NNSTU performed the work aimed at the experimental determination of the temperature and velocity fields in high-temperature lead coolant cross-flows around a tube bundle. The experimental studies were carried out in a specially designed high-temperature liquid-metal facility. The experimental facility is a combination of two high-temperature liquid-metal setups, i.e., FT-2 with a lead coolant and FT-1 with a lead-bismuth coolant, united by an experimental site. The experimental site is a model of the steam generator of the BREST-300 reactor facility. The heat-transfer surface is an in-line tube bank of a diameter of 17 × 3.5 mm, which is made of 10H9NSMFB ferritic-martensitic steel. The temperature of the heat-transfer surface is measured with thermocouples of a diameter of 1 mm being installed in the walls of heat-transfer tubes. The velocity and temperature fields in a high-temperature HLMC flow are measured with special sensors installed in the flow cross section between the rows of heat-transfer tubes. The characteristics of heat transfer and velocity fields in a lead coolant flow were studied in different directions of the coolant flow: The vertical (“top-down” and “bottom-up”) and the horizontal ones. The studies were conducted under the following operating conditions: The temperature of lead was t = 450°C - 5000°C, the thermodynamic activity of oxygen was a = 10-5 - 100, and the lead flow through the experimental site was Q = 3 - 6 m3/h, which corresponds to coolant velocities of V = 0.4 - 0.8 m/s. Comprehensive experimental studies of the characteristics of heat transfer in a lead coolant cross-flow around tubes have been carried out for the first time and the dependences for a controlled and regulated content of the thermodynamically active oxygen impurity and sediments of impurities have been obtained. The effect of the oxygen impurity content in the coolant and characteristics of protective oxide coatings on the temperature and velocity fields in a lead coolant flow is revealed. This is because the presence of oxygen in the coolant and oxide coatings on the surface, which restrict the liquid-metal flow, leads to a change in the characteristics of the wall-adjacent region. The obtained experimental data on the distribution of the velocity and temperature fields in a HLMC flow permit studying the heat-transfer processes and, on this basis, creating program codes for engineering calculations of HLMC flows around heat-transfer surfaces.

Density Functional Calculations of the Mechanical, Electronic and Dynamical Properties of Antiperovskite Ca3BO (B = Pb, Ge, Sn)

An analysis of mechanical, electronic and dynamical properties of antiperovskite Ca3BO (B = Pb, Ge, Sn) in cubic phase space group Pm-3m (221) has been studied using first principle density functional theory (DFT). Ground state energy computation was done using the Projector Augmented Wave (PAW) Pseudo Potentials and the Plane Wave (PW) basis set. The Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) was used for the exchange correlation. The open source code QUANTUM ESPRESSO (QE) was used in this study in which plane wave basis sets are applied for the expansion of the electronic structure wave function. Thermo_pw as a post-processing code was used for the computation of mechanical properties including bulk modulus and elastic constants with their derivatives. The lattice parameters are here calculated to be 4.87 Å, 4.86 Å and 4.84 Å for Ca3BO (B = Pb, Ge, Sn) respectively which compares well with other works. This also shows that the three crystals are similar in size and in most of their properties. In addition to this, projected density of states and band structure are also computed both showing that these materials are of semi-metallic nature and are stable in cubic phase. Phonon modes at gamma are also reported.

Darboux Transformation in Quantum Black-Scholes Hamiltonian and Supersymmetry

In this paper, we consider the Black-Scholes (BS) equation for option pricing with constant volatility. Here, we construct the first-order Darboux transformation and the real valued condition of transformed potential for BS corresponding equation. In that case we also obtain the transformed of potential and wave function. Finally, we discuss the factorization method and investigate the supersymmetry aspect of such corresponding equation. Also we show that the first order equation is satisfied by commutative algebra.

Triple Differential Cross-Sections for Ionization of H(3d) by Incident Electron

Triple differential cross sections (TDCS) are estimated for the ionization of metastable 3d-state hydrogen atoms by electron at 250 eV for various kinematic conditions pursuing a multiple scattering theory. The present new results are compared with the theoretical results of hydrogenic different metastable states as well as the hydrogenic ground state experimental data. Obtained new finding results are in good qualitative agreement with those of compared theories. The present results give an immense opportunity for experimental trial in the field of ionization problems.

Photons Are EM Energy Superpositioned on TEM Waves

The study displays that TEM waves (e.g. radio waves, light) consist of low frequency plane TEM waves where the radio frequency energy or light energy is superpositioned on these low frequency TEM waves. The superpositioned energy can be discrete and where its frequency ν determines its energy hv and where this superpositioned energy hv is the photon. The study shows that photons and TEM waves are described by the laws of electromagnetism. Hence, there is a duality between the photon and the TEM wave and also a duality between electromagnetism and quantum theory in this case. The low frequency plane TEM waves originate from a singularity in universe and have been described earlier. The study describes how energy from a generator, from light bulbs and radio antennas is superpositioned on low frequency TEM waves, resulting in medium frequency TEM waves, radio waves and light. The study displays that light from the sun consists of light energy superpositioned on low frequency TEM waves. The study describes methods enabling measurement of the low frequency plane TEM waves and the superpositioned energy.

On the Preon Model

One of the fundamental questions is that “what the matter is composed of?” In 1897, atoms are known as the basic building blocks of matter. In the year 1911, Ernest Rutherford demonstrated that when alpha particles are scattered on a thin gold foil that the atom is composed of mostly empty space with a dense core at its center which is called the nucleus. Thereafter, protons and neutrons were discovered. In 1956, McAllister and Hofstadter published experimental results of elastic scattering of the electrons from a hydrogen target which revealed that the proton has an internal structure. In 1964, Gell-Mann (and independently) Zweig proposed that nucleons are composed of point-like particles which are called quarks. These quarks are postulated to have spin-1/2, fractional electric charge. Combinations of different flavors of quarks yield protons and neutrons which belong to the type of particles called baryons (built up from three quarks) and mesons as (quark and an antiquark). These two groups of particles are categorized as hadrons. The quarks showed further decay properties which suggested that they have a substructure.

Octonionic Gravity Formation, Its Connections to Micro Physics

We ask if Octonionic quantum gravity is a relevant consideration near the Planck scale. Furthermore, we examine whether gravitational waves would be generated during the initial phase, , of the universe when triggered by changes in spacetime geometry;i.e. what role would an increase in degrees of freedom have in setting the conditions during , so that the result of these conditions can be observed and analyzed by a gravitational detector. The micro physics interaction is due to the formation of a pre Planckian to Planckian space time transition in spatial dimensions at and near the Planck dimensional values, i.e. 10–33 centimeters in spatial dimensions. This transition would be abrupt and arising in micro physics regimes of space time.