The Beneficial Effect of Enriched Environment on Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, its main clinical symptoms are the progressive decline of cognitive and memory functions. Enriched Environment (EE) achieves the goal of improving brain cognitive reserve by enhancing the multi-directional stimulation on movement, sensory and cognitive systems of animals. And EE can regulate the levels of various trophic factors in the brain, promote synaptic regeneration and enhance neural plasticity to reduce the loss of neurons induced by inflammation. At present, there is still no effective treatment for AD and the clinical intervention drug is expensive. So it is essential to actively explore non-drug treatment. This review will explain the effects of EE on learning ability, memory ability and mental behavior in AD, and provide a new direction for the treatment and rehabilitation of AD.

Analysis of Thorax Injuries in 112 Death Cases Caused by Traffic Accidents

Objective: To explore the characteristics and mechanisms of serious injuries of chest caused by road traffic accidents. Methods: Totally 112 autopsy cases with chest injuries in the urban of Jingzhou road traffic accidents were collected. Systematic review and analysis of the general information, postmortem examinations and assessments of chest injury had carried out from Feb. 2016 to Mar. 2018. Results: Average age of the victims was 52.2 years and the ratio of male to female deaths was 2.39:1. The proportion of motor-cyclists and pedestrians increased significantly. The overwhelming majority of accident vehicles were motorcycles and bicycles. Fractures of ribs and pulmonary contusion were the most common injuries. Craniocerebral and abdominal injuries were the most common associated injuries. Conclusion: Fractures of ribs and pulmonary contusion were the most common features of fatal road traffic injuries, often associated with vitreoretinal damage and serious multiple damages. These features reflect the characteristics of great violence in traffic accidents, which provides the evidence of identification of violent injuries.

Oral Glucose Combined with Short-Term Intravenous Nutrition for the Prevention of Hypoglycemia after Painless Endoscopic Gastric Polypectomy

Objective: To explore the application effect of oral glucose combined with short-term intravenous nutrition in preventing postoperative hypoglycemia after painless endoscopic gastric polyp resection, and to provide guidance for better management of patients undergoing such procedures. Methods: A total of 886 patients who underwent painless endoscopic gastric polyp resection in the Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, from January 2020 to December 2021, were selected as the study subjects. According to the random number table method, they were divided into an experimental group and a control group, with 443 cases in each group. Patients in the control group were subjected to routine fasting and water restriction for 8 hours before surgery, and routine fasting for 24 hours after surgery. Short-term intravenous nutrition support was provided through fluid supplementation, and finger blood glucose levels were monitored at 1 hour, 4 hours, and 8 hours after completion of intravenous infusion, or when symptoms such as palpitations and cold sweats occurred. The experimental group received oral administration of 5% glucose solution (500 ml) 2 hours before surgery based on the procedures of the control group. The incidence of preoperative discomfort (hunger, thirst, and fatigue), residual gastric fluid volume, and postoperative hypoglycemia were compared between the two groups. Results: The incidence of postoperative blood glucose Conclusion: Based on the study population, oral glucose combined with short-term intravenous nutrition can effectively prevent the incidence of hypoglycemia in patients undergoing painless endoscopic gastric polyp resection. However, due to the limitations of a single-center study and a small number of cases, its feasibility needs to be further validated with more data from multi-center and large-sample cases.

A Comparative Study of Ultrasound-Guided Microwave Ablation, Surgery and Rotational Adenomammectomy for Benign Breast Nodules

Objective: To explore the clinical effects of conventional surgery, ultrasound-guided microwave ablation and rotational adenomammectomy on the prognosis of benign breast nodules. Methods: 232 cases of patients with benign breast nodules confirmed by pathological examination who received surgical treatment in the breast surgery department of our hospital from December 2016 to December 2020 were included. According to the surgical methods, they were divided into microwave ablation group (n = 48), conventional surgery group (n = 105) and rotational adenomammectomy group (n = 79). The clinical parameters were compared and analyzed between the three groups, and the postoperative pain, residual tumor, breast beauty and complication rate of the patients were evaluated. Results: Operative time, intraoperative blood loss, healing time and postoperative pain in microwave ablation group were lower than those of rotational adenomammectomy group (P < 0.05) and those of conventional surgery group (P < 0.05). Besides, those in the rotational adenomammectomy group were lower than those in the conventional surgery group (P < 0.05). The residual tumor rates in microwave ablation group and rotational adenomammectomy group were 4.17% and 3.80%, respectively. And the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Both of them were lower than 6.66% in conventional surgery group, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). The effective rates of breast beauty were 91.67%, 82.28% and 68.58% in the microwave ablation group, the rotational adenomammectomy group and the conventional surgery group, respectively. And the difference between groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The rate of postoperative complications in microwave ablation group and rotational adenomammectomy group were 4.17% and 3.80% respectively, both of which were significantly lower than 6.66% in conventional surgery group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Microwave ablation, rotational adenomammectomy and conventional surgery are effective for the treatment of benign breast tumors. Among them, microwave ablation is the best option with many advantages of shorter operative time, less intraoperative blood loss, more beautiful breast shape, less postoperative pain, a lower residual rate after surgery, and a lower complication rate.

Characteristics of Patients Sponsored by the Internet Platforms of Medical Mutual Aid

The morbidity and mortality of life-threatening diseases such as cancers are increasing year by year in China. Although the national medical insurance has been improved a lot, it still falls short of expecting “universal medical insurance”. To help the families of patients with cancer and other serious diseases to resolve the unaffordable medical cost, several internet platforms of “Peer to Peer Medical Mutual Aid” have gradually emerged recently. In the form of low threshold insurance combined with public support, these platforms provide subsidies to families of patients suffering from serious financial burden and then partly compensate them for the limit of national medical insurance. This article summarized the characteristics of declared patients sponsored by several medical mutual aid internet platforms. The results showed that the sponsored patients were mostly cancer patients (90.1%), aged 21 - 60 (88.4%), and the average amounts of financial support had a trend to decrease with the increase of age. In particular, the reported cases of thyroid cancer were increased dramatically recently, however, with a lowest average mutual aid fund. Given these data, it is urgent to list out a detailed rule for the use of national medical insurance on the treatment of cancer, to heighten the healthcare system for the occupational population, age from 21 to 60, and to establish the credit system for Medicare and Medicaid services.

The Recent Research and Care of Benign Breast Fibroadenoma: Review Article

Fibroadenomas are the most common lumps found in adolescence girls. They usually occur under the influence of hormonal changes that the girls undergo at the time of puberty and they happen due to overgrowth of glandular tissue in the breast. Ultrasonography is the best diagnosis for fibroadenoma. There is no medical treatment for fibroadenoma except surgical excision and a new method recently comes out—vacuum assisted fibroadenomas resection.

Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bloodstream Infection in 55 Cases

Objective: Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection presents a severe challenge to hospitalized patients. To investigate the clinical characteristics, risk factors and drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection. Methods: Clinical data and laboratory results of patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection in the First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University from January 2019 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The factors associated with infection and death were analyzed by univariate analysis. Results: A total of 55 patients were enrolled in this study, The 28-day mortality rate was 14.5%. Univariate analysis showed that high procalcitonin, low albumin, ICU admission, central venous catheterization, indwelling catheter, and mechanical ventilation were associated with death. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that hypoproteinemia and central venous catheters were independent risk factors for death in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection. Conclusions: The drug resistance of P. aeruginosa bloodstream infection is not high, but the fatality rate is high. The combination of hypoalbuminemia after the onset of the disease and the use of central vein catheters can lead to increased mortality, suggesting that clinical identification of high-risk patients as early as possible, reducing the use of catheters, preventing the occurrence of P. aeruginosa bloodstream infection and improving the prognosis.

A Case of Diabetic Nephropathy with Refractory Gastroparesis and Review of the Literature

Background: Gastroparesis is one of the complications of diabetes mellitus, and long-term gastroparesis seriously affects patients quality of life. Most of the patients can be relieved after lifestyle improvement and medication, but refractory gastroparesis is difficult to relieve, and is still a challenge in clinical treatment. Aim: To report a case of a patient with diabetic nephropathy combined with refractory gastroparesis, and to analyse the mechanism, diagnosis, severity grading, treatment of refractory gastroparesis in conjunction with a review of the literature, and to investigate the causes of recurrent nausea and vomiting in diabetic nephropathy patients with refractory diabetic gastroparesis and the possible effective treatment options. Case Presentation: The patient was hospitalised for recurrent nausea and vomiting and diagnosed with diabetic nephropathy and gastroparesis. Symptoms recurred after medication and peritoneal dialysis, and the patients symptoms were relieved after multifaceted interventions. Conclusion: Diabetic nephropathy and refractory gastroparesis can both manifest as digestive tract symptoms, and in the face of this complex disease, it is necessary to analyse the various etiological factors and take comprehensive treatment measures.

Relationship between IL-23R rs11209026 Gene Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Acute Coronary Syndrome

Background: Several studies illustrated that IL-23/Th17 axis could be an important pro-inflammatory pathway in atherosclerosis. As a key element in this inflammatory mechanism, interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R) may play a critical role in the pathological process of atherosclerosis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-23R have recently been consistently found to be associated with atherosclerosis diseases. However, its association with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is still indistinct. Here, we discussed whether genetic polymorphisms in IL-23R (rs11209026 G/A) were associated with susceptibility to ACS. Methods: Among 160 patients with ACS, it includes 80 patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP), 80 patients with myocardial infarction (MI), and 80 control subjects were selected randomly. The polymorphisms of IL-23R (rs11209026 G/A) were analyzed by the Sanger method. Results: Data showed that percentages of rs11209026 AG genotypes were significantly lower in ACS group (including: UAP and MI) than in controls (odds ratio [OR] = 0.324, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.148 - 0.712, p = 0.005;OR = 0.351, 95% CI: 0.135 - 0.910, p = 0.031;OR = 0.303, 95% CI: 0.112 - 0.817, p = 0.018, respectively). Furthermore, there was no correlation between rs11209026 G/A SNP and dyslipidemia-associated ACS. Conclusions: The variant of the rs11209026 polymorphism in IL-23R gene might decrease the risk of ACS, and these data suggest that AG genotype of the rs11209026 G/A polymorphism may act as a protective factor for acute coronary syndrome and subtype of ACS.

Clinical Performance of ADNEX (The Assessment of Different NEoplasias in the adneXa) Model in Early Diagnosis and Staging of Benign and Malignant Ovarian Tumors

Objective: To investigate the clinical value of ADNEX model in early diagnosis and staging of benign and malignant ovarian tumors. Method: 136 cases of ovarian cancer patients treated in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed using the ADNEX risk model and MRI data. The accuracy of the two diagnostic methods was compared with the results of pathological examination as gold standard. Results: For qualitative assessment, the accuracy and sensitivity of the ADNEX model were 78.70% and 93%, while the accuracy and sensitivity of MRI examination were 80.1%, and 90.7%, respectively. The diagnostic values of the two methods were not statistically different (P > 0.05). For ovarian tumor staging, the ADNEX model was significantly less accurate and specific for staging borderline tumor than MRI examination, although it had significantly higher sensitivity (P 0.05). Conclusion: ADNEX risk model has certain diagnostic and predictive value to distinguish benign from malignant ovarian tumors. It is useful to detect and exclude ovarian tumor. However, for early diagnosis, it is not accurate enough and further study is needed to validate this usefulness.

Analysis of the Status Quo and Influencing Factors of Readiness for Hospital Discharge of Patients Undergoing Hysteromyomectomy

Objective: To evaluate the status quo and influencing factors of readiness for hospital discharge of patients undergoing hysteromyomectomy. Methods: A total of 240 patients with uterine fibroid undergoing hysteromyomectomy from 2 hospitals in Jingzhou were investigated using a self-designed general information questionnaire, the Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale and the Quality of Discharge Teaching Scale. Results: The total score of readiness for hospital discharge was (91.36 ± 18.46), the multiple linear regression analysis showed that the quality of discharge guidance, the scope of myomectomy, pain degree of incision and the average monthly income per family were the main influencing factors of readiness for hospital discharge. Conclusion: The readiness for hospital discharge was at a medium level in patients with uterine fibroid undergoing hysteromyomectomy, medical personnel should give specific discharge guidance according to the specific conditions of patients to ensure the safety of patients after discharge.

Clinical Characteristics and Prevention Strategies of Falls in Hospitalized Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Objectives: To analyze the clinical features of falls in hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and to provide basis for preventing the occurrence of falls in hospitalized patients with CKD. Method: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the 27 adverse events of falls in hospitalized patients from the department of nephrology in Peking University Shenzhen Hospital during May 2009 and May 2019. Results: Among the 27 patients with falls, people over 65 years old accounted for 55.56%;74.07% of the patients had caregivers;the peak period of falls was from June to August, accounting for 40.74%, mainly occurring from 7:00 to 8:00, 12:00 to 13:30 and 19:00 to 21:00;the locations of falls were mostly near the bed and in the bathroom, accounting for 33.33% and 22.22%, respectively;suffering from anemia, hypoproteinemia, abnormal serum potassium, calcium-phosphorus metabolism disorders accompanied by abnormal parathyroid hormone and hypertension accounted for 88.89%, 85.19%, 29.63%, 96.30% and 81.48% respectively. The inpatients on dialysis therapy accounted for 66.67%. Conclusion: The occurrence of falls in hospitalized patients with CKD was not only related to age, caregivers, time, months, locations or other conventional factors, but also the complications and dialysis therapies. To effectively reduce the occurrence of falls, it’s necessary to enhance the sense of safety and responsibility of caregivers. Besides, nurses should strengthen the inspection of wards for inpatients engaging in some intensive activities, and nurses should also pay more attention to the inpatients with anemia, hypoproteinemia, calcium-phosphorus metabolism disorders and those on dialysis therapies.

Risk Prediction Model for Surgical Treatment of Ruptured Corpus Luteum in the Ovary

Objective: To explore the related factors of surgical treatment of patients with corpus luteum rupture and establish a risk prediction model of surgical treatment of corpus luteum rupture. Methods: 222 patients with corpus luteum rupture treated in Jingzhou First People’s Hospital from January 2015 to March 2022 were analyzed retrospectively, including 45 cases of surgery and 177 cases of conservative treatment. The training set and validation set were randomly assigned according to 7:3. We collected the basic information, laboratory and ultrasonic examination data of 222 patients. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent risk factors and combined predictors of surgical treatment of corpus luteum rupture. The risk prediction model was established and the nomogram was drawn. The discrimination and calibration of the prediction model were verified and evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test;Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the prediction model. Results: Univariate logistic regression showed that whole abdominal pain (OR: 2.314, 95% CI: 1.090 - 4.912), abdominal muscle tension (OR: 2.379, 95% CI: 1.112 - 5.089), adnexal mass ≥ 4 cm (OR: 3.926, 95% CI: 1.771 - 8.266), hemoglobin Conclusion: The nomogram prediction model containing three predictive variables (hemoglobin, depth of pelvic effusion under ultrasound and cervical lifting pain) can be used to predict the risk of surgical treatment in patients with corpus luteum rupture.

Caveolin-1 Polymorphism (rs7804372) and Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of 15 Case-Control Studies

Purpose: Epidemiological studies have assessed the association between Caveolin-1 polymorphism and cancer risk. However, published data are still inconclusive. To clarify this inconsistency, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between Caveolin-1 polymorphism (rs7804372) and cancer susceptibility. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search, using PubMed, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang database, which included English and Chinese literatures. The latest updated date was January 2018. The following search terms were performed to retrieve the relevant articles: ((CAV1) OR (Caveolin-1) OR (rs7804372)) AND (cancer OR tumor OR carcinoma OR neoplasms OR malignancy) AND (polymorphism OR mutation OR variant OR genotype). Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to estimate the pooled effect. Results: In the overall analysis, this kind of polymorphism showed a significant association with increased risk of cancer: allelic model (T/A;OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.19 - 1.49;P < 0.0001), homozygous (TT/AA;OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.37 - 2.18;P < 0.0001), and heterozygous genetic models (TT/TA;OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.14 - 1.33;P < 0.0001), the dominant genetic model (TT + TA/AA;OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.28 - 1.96;P < 0.0001), and the recessive genetic model (TT/TA + AA;OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.20 - 1.50;P < 0.0001). In addition, the stratified analysis of the results was carried out by ethnicity, HWE status, and cancer types. The outcome indicated that Caveolin-1 rs7804372 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of cancer. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the allele T of Caveolin-1 (rs7804372) polymorphism might associate with increased susceptibility to cancer, and might predict worse survival in patients with various types of cancer. However, further well-designed studies are required to evaluate this association.

Establishment of Risk Prediction Model and Nomogram for Lymph Node Metastasis of Cervical Cancer: Based on SEER Database

Objective: To predict the risk factors of lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer by using large sample clinical data, and to construct and verify the nomogram for predicting lymph node metastasis. Methods: A total of 5940 patients with cervical cancer from 2004 to 2015 in the National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database were retrospectively screened and randomly assigned to training group (n = 4172) and validation group (n = 1768). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used, and the optimal model was selected according to AIC or BIC and likelihood ratio test, and a nomogram was drawn. The accuracy and robustness of the prediction model were evaluated in three aspects: discrimination, calibration and clinical net benefit. Results: The prediction model based on race, tumor tissue differentiation degree, tumor histopathological type, distant metastasis of tumor, tumor diameter and other risk factors was successfully established and a nomogram was constructed. The AUCs of training group and validation group were: 0.736 and 0.714, respectively. And the p-values of the Hosmer-Lemeshow test were 0.28 and 0.11, respectively. The calibration curve was in good agreement with the ideal curve. It had high accuracy and applicability after internal verification. Conclusion: A prediction model is constructed based on the risk factors of lymph node metastasis of cervical cancer. The nomogram has a good effective prediction and can provide a theoretical basis for clinicians to assess the disease quickly before surgery.

Assess of the Value of Semen Examination Items in the Diagnosis of Male Infertility

Background: Although semen analysis is a basic method to evaluate male fertility, there was a certain deviation between the semen examination and the actual situation in clinical application. Objective: To evaluate the application value of semen examination items in the diagnosis of male infertility. Method: Males recruited from the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from June 2017 to December 2018 were divided into three groups: normal fertility group, physical examination group (premarital physical examination), and male infertility group. Each group received the following examination such as semen analysis (including semen volume, sperm concentration, progressive motility, total motility, round cell concentration), acrosin activity, and sperm morphology. All the semen analysis items mentioned above were operated according to the WHO laboratory manual for the examination and procession of human semen (Fifth edition) and related documents. Results: The normal fertility group and physical examination group showed significantly higher levels in sperm concentration, progressive motility, total motility, and sperm morphology than those in the male infertility group (P < 0.05);both the normal fertility group and the physical examination group have a higher qualified rate in sperm concentration, progressive motility, total motility and sperm morphology than the male infertility group, all P < 0.001. The percentage of patients having all qualified items in each group was 28.13%, 6.67%, and 6.51% separately. Conclusion: The diagnosis efficiency was higher in sperm concentration, progressive motility, total motility, and sperm morphology than in other semen examination items. A more objective and efficient method of semen examination should be explored to facilitate the diagnoses of male infertility in the future.

Fire-Needle Acupuncture Treatment in Scapular Muscle Fasciitis

The scapula (shoulder blade) is a large triangular-shaped bone located in the upper back and includes two muscles on each side. The scapula is surrounded and supported by a complex system of muscles that work together to help in the arm movement. If some condition or injury causes these muscles to become imbalanced or weak, the position of the scapula can be altered at rest or in motion. A change in the scapular positioning or motion can make difficulties in the arm movement, especially when performing overhead activities and may cause shoulder weakness. Acupuncture treatment as part of the Traditional Chinese Medicine is most commonly used treatment for treating musculoskeletal disorders. In the treatment of scapular muscle fasciitis the fire-needle acupuncture gave the fastest and best results in our practice. The aim of the treatment is to break up the scar tissue and the adhesions which commonly form at the site, to relax the levator scapula muscle and restore local normal blood and energy flow. In the research are included 13 patients, 6 male and 7 female, on age from 24 to 70. All patients had scapular pain and on all was performed fire-needle acupuncture. Most common age groups are 50 - 60, most patients have pain on the right scapula and most of them—9 have done only one treatment. A long-term problem with the scapula muscle can be resolved with only one fire-needle acupuncture treatment.

Prevention of Nephropathy by Some Natural Sources of Antioxidants

Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common kidney problems and occurs when the body is exposed to a drug or toxin. Natural sources of antioxidants may serve as a vital source of potentially useful new compounds for the development of an effective therapy to combat a variety of kidney problems. Natural antioxidants have a variety of biochemical actions such as inhibition of reactive oxygen species production, scavenging of free radicals. The present review aims to summarize the recent articles which studied some of the nephrotoxic agents, and alleviation of nephrotoxicity using of some natural products possessing antioxidant properties. Our review shows the oxidative damage and renal disorders induced in human and experimental animals by nephrotoxic agents such as gentamicin, alcohol, nicotine, adenine, glycerol, ethylene glycol, sodium nitrite, mercuric chloride, AlCl3, lead acetate, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), furosemide, carbendazim, diazinon, heat stress, and &gamma;-radiation. Also, nephrotic disorders caused in diabetic rats, patients, cirrhotic ascetic patients, and ischemia-reperfusion. Administration of natural sources of antioxidants such as curcumin, garlic, fenugreek, parsley, peppermint, pomegranate, propolis, olive leaves, rosemary, and sesame attenuated both physiological and histopathological alterations induced in the kidney by the nephrotoxic agent and certain diseases. The nephroprotective effect of the former natural sources of antioxidants may be due to the enhancement of antioxidant activity and inhibition of tissue lipid peroxidation. It can be concluded that administration of curcumin, garlic, fenugreek, parsley, peppermint, pomegranate, propolis, olive leaves, rosemary, and sesame showed a remarkable kidney protection against nephrotoxic agents, and diseases induced renal dysfunctions in human and experimental animals. So, the present study recommended that the consumption of these natural sources of antioxidants may be useful for human exposure to nephrotoxic agents and patients who suffer from renal diseases.

Therapeutic Strategies of Stem Cell Transplantation for Liver Cirrhosis

Liver transplantation is widely regarded as the most effective therapy for end-stage liver diseases. However, stem cell-based therapy is being developed as a promising strategy which offers a number of benefits as it is minimally invasive and associated with low immunogenicity and low cost. This paper will review the major clinical issues surrounding the use of stem cell therapy for managing cirrhosis, such as discussing the selection of appropriate sub-types of bone marrow stem cells and the need for pre-differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells prior to transplantation, and providing an overview of the methods to improve cell viability and to prevent the exacerbation of cirrhosis. The role of human umbilical cord blood stem cells and amniotic epithelial cells for the treatment of liver disease will be also introduced.

Molecular Motors—Self-Organization of Cytoskeletal Network

Molecular motors play an important role in the organization of cytoskeletal filament networks. These nanometer-sized natural molecular machines opened up a new frontier of nano-technology. This article describes biomolecular nano-machines, their internal structures, and dynamical interactions between molecular motors and their molecular tracks which reorganize a network of long protein filaments, particularly during cell division to form cytoskeleton of daughter cells. Towards the end, the article also takes up some still-to-be resolved matters and prospects for future developments in this exciting multidisciplinary area of science.