A Network Pharmacology Approach to Determining the Mechanism of Eucommia ulmoides-Epimedium brevicornu Maxim against Osteoporosis

Background:Eucommia ulmoides and Epimedium brevicornu Maxim are widely used for the treatment of osteoporosis,but the mechanism of action for these plant extracts has not been elucidated.Methods:We used data mining and network pharmacology methods to evaluate the active ingredients of the drugs and hub targets.The system pharmacological analysis platform,PharmMapper,and the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database were used to retrieve the chemical composition and targets of EU-EBM,and osteoporosis targets were retrieved from five databases.The selected genes were further analyzed using the string database and Cytoscape software.The protein-protein interaction and composition-target networks were drawn.Finally,molecular docking was performed for verification.Results:A total of 51 active ingredients and 108 common key targets were identified.Enrichment analysis of the 108 key targets showed that the most relevant potential signaling pathway was the TNF pathway.In the composition-target and PPI networks,the seven hub genes included MAPK1,TNF,AKT1,CCND1,FOS,JUN,and TP53.Finally,the chemical composition and potential target proteins were scored through molecular docking and compared with the protein’s ligand to verify the network pharmacology predictions.Conclusion:The network pharmacology analysis indicated that beta-carotene reduces the production of TNF-α,which may act via Jun to attenuate osteoblast apoptosis through the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.This analysis provides a solid foundation for further experimental research.

The action mechanism of Rhizoma Imperatae for pediatric epistaxis management using a network pharmacology approach

Background:Pediatric epistaxis is one of the most common and frequently occurring diseases,while its pathogenesis is complicated and remains to be fully elucidated.Objective:This work aims to explore the therapeutic effect and action mechanism of Rhizoma Imperatae in the treatment of pediatric epistaxis in a network pharmacology approach and to provide a practical reference for treating epistaxis in children.Methods:The active ingredients of Chinese herb Rhizoma Imperatae were obtained from the TCMSP database,and the targets of chemical compounds were subsequently predicted using the Swisstargetprediction database;the disease targets of epistaxis were exported from the Genecards database;the obtained overlapped genes were applied for protein-protein interaction(PPI)analysis,Gene Ontology(GO)anlysis and KEGG analysis.Results:There were 128 targets of Rhizoma Imperatae were predicted,and 500 disease targets were collected,with 19 overlapped targets between the drug and the disease.The five genes matrix metallopeptidase 9(MMP9),EGFR,JUN,PTGS1,and ESR1 had the most connections based on the PPI analysis.The GO analysis indicated that positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation were greatly associated with MMP9,EGFR,and JUN genes in biological processes(BP)and positive regulation of lipid kinase activity and nitric-oxide syntheses activity affected EGFR and ESR1 genes mostly in molecular function(MF).Conclusion:The present research results demonstrated that Rhizoma Imperatae might play a role in alleviating pediatric epistaxis using a network pharmacology technique,hoping to figure out its action mechanism of the drug against the disease.

Study on the mechanism of Wuzi Yanzong pill in treating osteoporosis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

Background:Based on network pharmacology and molecular docking,our study discussed the mechanism of Wuzi Yanzong pill in treating Osteoporosis(OP),which lays the foundation for drug development of OP.Methods:The chemical compounds and potential targets of Wuzi Yanzong pill were explored through TCMSP,PubChem,Swiss ADME and other databases.GeneCards,OMIM and Drugbank databases were used to obtain OP related targets.The intersection between the targets of Wuzi Yanzong pill and the related targets of OP was found by drawing a Venn diagram.PPI network was constructed with the STRING database and core targets were screened.The TCM-compound-action target-disease network was drawn using the Cytoscape software.The Metascape platform was used to find the pathways and functions for core target enrichment.Molecular docking validation of action compounds and core targets is completed by software such as Auto Dock Vina.Results:59 compounds and 707 action targets of Wuzi Yanzong pill were found.603 disease targets were selected,106 intersection targets were found using a Venn diagram,and 37 core targets were screened.By enrichment analysis,143 KEGG pathways,1026 GO biological processes,23 GO cell compositions and 60 GO molecular functions were obtained.The results of molecular docking showed that the effective compounds of Wuzi Yanzong pill,such as stigmasterol,quercetin,kaempferol andβ-sitosterol,had high binding activity with STAT3,TNF and IL6 core target proteins.Conclusion:Wuzi Yanzong Pill may play a role in treating OP by regulating STAT3,TNF,IL-6,TP53,VEGFA,JUN,AKT1,IL-1B,SRC,MMP9 and other pathways,as well as cancer-correlation,rheumatoid arthritis-correlation,MAPK,Th17 cell differentiation,IL-17,TNF signaling pathway and so on,to interpret Wuzi Yanzong pill’s clinic.

Effects of Qushi Kaiyu decoction on lipid metabolism and inflammatory factors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease rats

Objective:To examine the therapeutic effects of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Qushi Kaiyu decoction on Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)rats and relevant mechanisms.Methods:A NAFLD rat model was constructed in this study using a high-fat diet,and different Qushi Kaiyu decoction doses were administered by gavage.The body weight,liver index,and blood lipid biochemical markers(TG,Total cholesterol(TC),LDL,and HDL)in different groups were examined.Simultaneously,HE staining and oil red O staining were carried out on liver tissues to study histopathological changes in liver tissues of NAFLD rats after Qushi Kaiyu decoction intervention.ELISA was used to measure serum levels of inflammatory factors(IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α)in various groups and to preliminarily study the effector mechanisms of how Qushi Kaiyu decoction alleviates NAFLD.Results:Qushi Kaiyu decoction can significantly decrease the body weight and liver index of NAFLD rats,decreases serum TG,TC,and LDL levels,and increases HDL levels.HE staining and oil red O staining showed that Qushi Kaiyu decoction could improve steatosis in NAFLD rat liver tissues and decrease lipid content.Additionally,ELISA results showed that the Qushi Kaiyu decoction could significantly reduce the serum levels of inflammatory factors(IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α)in NAFLD rats.Conclusion:The Qushi Kaiyu decoction shows significant therapeutic efficacy in NAFLD,and its effector mechanism may be related to the alleviation of inflammatory responses.

A review of pharmacological activity and application potential in food of tea polyphenols

Tea polyphenols(TP)is a class of polyhydroxy compounds isolated from tea.Modern biological and medical studies have shown that TP has many pharmacological activities,such as anti-inflammatory,anti-virus,anti-oxidation,anti-tumor and anti-radiation.Furthermore,these substances can be used as a potential drug component to positively guide the occurrence and development of certain diseases.Furthermore,because of the activities of TP,such as anti-oxidation and anti-bacteria,it can be applied in food preservation,color preservation,deodorization,and treatment of food processing by-products.Based on the research progress of TP in recent years,this paper summarizes the pharmacological activities of TP and expounds on its application potential in the field of food.In order to provide a theoretical reference for the research,development and utilization of TP.

Important aspects of checkpoint inhibitors’pharmacokinetics

Introduction Immune checkpoint inhibitors dramatically improved the therapy of one of the deadliest diseases of today-cancer[1].Checkpoint inhibitors release the inhibitory mechanisms that control T-cell-mediated immunity by various mechanisms,including cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen(CTLA-4)(controls T-cell activation during early stages in the lymph nodes),programmed cell death 1(PD-1)(expressed on activated T-cells,B-lymphocytes and natural killer cells)or its ligand(PD-L1)blockade.Immune checkpoint inhibition provides patients with more durable immune responses against the tumor,which is especially important regarding tumor immune resistance in peripheral tissues[2].

Effector mechanism of Yunnan medicine “Yiqi Tongluo soup” in alleviating diabetic peripheral neuropathy by promoting autophagy

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the effector mechanism of Yiqi Tongluo soup in alleviating diabetic peripheral neuropathy.Methods:Thirty male SD rats were divided into the control group,mode1 group,and Yiqi Tongluo group.Each group consists of 10 rats.Except for the normal group,a high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with streptozocin injection were administered to the groups to constnuct the type 2 diabetes mellitus model.Then,6.48 g/kg of Yiqi Tongluo soup was administered to the Yiqi Tongluo group every day by gavage.An equal volume of physiological saline was administered to the control and model groups every day by gavage.During the experiment,changes in blood glucose and nerve conduction velocity were monitored in all groups.After the experiment,hematoxylin and eosin and luxol fast blue staining were carried out,and morphological changes in the sciatic nerve and myelin sheath in all groups were observed.Western blot was used to observe changes in expression levels of autophagy related proteins,Beclin-1,LC3,and P62.Results:Blood glucose significantly increased,and nerve conduction velocity significantly decreased in the model group.Yiqi Tongluo soup significantly decreased blood glucose level while simultaneously increasing nerve conduction velocity.Hematoxylin and eosin and luxol fast blue myelin sheath staining results showed that Yiqi Tongluo soup could improve sciatic nerve disorder,irregular myelin sheath morphology,and demyelination in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats.Western blot results showed that Beclin-1 and LC3I/LC3I expression levels in the model group significantly decreased,while P62 level significantly increased.Compared with the model group,Beclin-1 and LC3II/LC3I expression levels significantly increased and P62 levels significantly decreased in the Yiqi Tongluo group.Conclusion:Yiqi Tongluo soup can inhibit diabetic peripheral neuropathy by increasing autophagy.

Network pharmacology and data analysis method to explore the traditional Chinese medicine regulates ferroptosis key genes in the occurrence and prognosis of lupus nephritis

Purpose:To explore the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)regulates ferroptosis key genes in the occurrence and development of lupus nephritis(LN)based on biological information database.Patients and methods:Ferroptosis related genes were identified based on FerrDb database and literature retrieval.Used the OMIM,Gene Cards,Drug Bank to obtain the targets of LN.Cytoscapes 3.8.2 software and STRING database were used to analyze protein-protein interaction(PPI)network.Metacape software and Weishengxin were used to analyze the gene ontology(GO)classification and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis.UniProt Database and Traditional Chinese Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform analysis platform were used to obtain the data table of key TCM and related targets.Cytoscapes 3.8.2 software was used to analyze the PPI network.Results:A total of 401 ferroptosis-related genes,361 LN related genes and 21“Ferroptosis-LN”intersection genes were obtained.Ferroptosis in the occurrence and prognosis of LN mainly involved the inflammatory response,cell activation,positive regulation of chemokine production and it was mainly involved in necroptosis,inflammatory bowel disease,ferroptosis and other pathways.A total of 412 TCMs containing key genes of“Ferroptosis-LN”were acquired.The most key genes were contained in Mahuang,Gehua,Baiguo,Chuanniuxi,Jinyinhua.15 key genes of“TCM-LN”were obtained.5 ferroptosis-related key genes in LN regulated by TCM were obtained,which were IL1β,TLR4,IFNG,STAT3 and HMOX1.Conclusion:TCM,such as Mahuang,Gehua,Baiguo,Chuanniuxi,Jinyinhua,may affect the occurrence and development of LN through the key ferroptosis genes,such as IL1B,TLR4,IFNG,STAT3 and HMOX1.

Mechanism prediction of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge and Angelica sinensis Diels in treating interstitial lung disease based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

Objective:To investigate the mechanism by which Astragalus mongholicus Bunge(AM),and Angelica sinensis Diels(AS)act in interstitial lung disease(ILD)based on computational prediction.Methods:We screened the ingredients of AM and AS in PubMed,the Web of Science,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)Databases,etc.Then obtained the potential effective components.By sharing the same molecular with ILD,we got the possible target genes for ILD treatment and constructed components–targets–disease network with Cytoscape software.The CTD(Comparative Toxicogenomics Database)database was used for GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of these target genes.Results:59 active ingredients that can be druggable were chosen from AM,67 active ingredients were chosen from AS.77 overlapping target genes for AM and ILD and 36 overlapping target genes for AS and ILD were acquired.The hub targets of AM were PTGS2,PTGS1,CDK2,MAOA,ESR1,TOP2A,GSK3B,ESR2,PPARG,NOS2,The hub targets of AS were PTGS2,GABRA1,PTGS1,CHRM1,SLC6A2,ADRA1B,ADRAIA,ADRB2,CHRM3,GABRA2,CHRM2.Quercetin,kaempferol,daidzein,pavilion,7-Hydroxycoumarin,and 5-Hydroxycoumarin were the main active ingredients which have more effective targets.Prediction of the protein-protein interaction network showed PTGS2,GSK3B,PPARG,etc.,were the important predicted targets.The enriched KEGG pathways,including the Immune System,Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins,Cytokine Signaling in the Immune system,Generic Transcription Pathway,The interleukin pathway,Metabolism of proteins,PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,Metabolic pathways,Innate Immune System,Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,Metabolism,GPCR downstream signaling,Amine ligand-binding receptors,Class A/1,Calcium signaling pathway.Molecular docking showed that quercetin,kaempferol,daidzein,pavilion,7-Hydroxycoumarin,5-Hydroxycoumarin had good binding activities with PTGS2 and GSK3B,which mainly mediated PI3K/Akt and other important signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of ILD.Conclusion:The components in AS and AM share some common targets,such as PTGS2.AM and AS may ameliorate ILD through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway which is mediated by GSK3B.PTGS2,PPARG may also be vital target genes in the treatment of ILD with AM and AS.

Treatment of acute lung injury in mice using Bai-Ri-Ke syrup

Objective:This study aimed to examine the therapeutic effects of Bai-Ri-Ke syrup(BRK)on mice with acute lung injury(ALI).Methods:Fifty male C57BL/6 mice were equally divided into the control group,model group,dexamethasone(DXM)group,Bai-Ri-Ke syrup(BRK)low-group,and BRK-high group,with six mice per group.An intratracheal injection of 5 mg/kg POLY(I:C)was used to construct an ALI mouse model.After a successful model construction,the mice in the DXM group were given[0.2 mg/10 g·d]dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection(1 mL:2 mg)on the following day via intraperitoneal injection.The mice in the BRK-low group were given 0.015 mL APS everyday by gavage,and the mice in the BRK-high group were given 0.030 mL APS everyday by gavage for three days.The wet to dry weight(W/D)ratio of the lungs was observed every day.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids(BALFs)were collected from the left lungs to measure the BALF protein level and neutrophil count after 72 h of treatment.The IL-6,IL-1β,and TNF-αlevels in BALF were also measured.HE staining was done to observe the histopathological changes in the lungs.Results:The ALI mice in the BRK-high group had significantly increased W/D(P<0.01).ELISA results showed that the DXM group and BRK-high group had significantly decreased BALF protein content(P<0.01),neutrophil count(P<0.01),and IL-6,IL-1β,and TNF-αlevels(P<0.01).Hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)results showed that the DXM group and BRK-high group had alleviated alveolar tissue injury,edema,bleeding,and inflammation.Conclusions:The BRK can decrease the W/D,BALF protein content,neutrophil count,and TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6 levels and alleviate the histopathological changes in the lungs of ALI mice.

Network pharmacology prediction and molecular docking-based strategy to investigate the possibility of CPL against myeloproliferative neoplasms

Background:Compound cortex phellodendri liquid(CPL)is a kind of classical compound preparation,which has potential curative effect in treating inflammatory diseases.Increasing evidences support that inflammation plays important roles in the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms(MPN).This study aims to preliminarily clarify the therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms of CPL for MPN based on network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques.Methods:The active components and corresponding action targets of CPL were searched by Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP),while MPN-related targets were searched through GeneCards,DisGeNET,OMIM,DrugBank and TTD databases respectively.Protein-Protein Interaction(PPI)Networks of potential targets were constructed using STRING 11.5 and analyzed visually with Cytoscape 3.9.1.In addition,Metascape platform was used for GO and KEGG analysis that were subsequently visualized with Cytoscape 3.9.1 built-in plug-ins CluoGO or SangerBox platform.Finally,Autodock Vina was used for molecular docking of potential targets and main active ingredients,which were visualized with Pymol software.Experimentally,we used in vitro mouse primary cells culture system to evaluate the effect of CPL on the erythroid and megakaryocytes differentiation that are excessively driven in MPN respectively.Results:The active components of CPL in the treatment of MPN are mainly flavonoids.The core proteins of CPL for MPN intervention are correlated to TP53,AKT1,JUN,CASP3,EGFR,TNF,MYC,IL6.Multiple signaling pathways were closely related to the treatment of MPN intervened by CPL,including PI3K-Akt signaling,TNF-αsignaling,JAK-STAT signaling and NF-κB signaling pathways.These potential targets had good conformation with the core active ingredients of CPL.In line with above findings,we demonstrated that CPL significantly inhibits the proliferation of differentiation of erythrocytes and megakaryocytes in vitro,further supporting the therapeutic potential of CPL for MPN.Conclusion:This study revealed the active ingredients and potential molecular mechanism of CPL in the treatment of MPN,providing a reference for subsequent basic research.

Research progress on the source,function and application of AMPs

Antibacterial peptide,also known as a host defense peptide,is a small molecular peptide that exhibits antibacterial activity.It disrupts the cell membrane structure of bacteria,leading to the release of internal contents and subsequent cell death,all without promoting the development of drug resistance in bacteria.It serves as a crucial component of the body’s innate immunity,forming the initial defense against the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms.However,the functionality of this small molecule peptide extends beyond this role.It also demonstrates positive effects in promoting organism growth,maintaining the balance of beneficial bacteria within organisms,combating cancer,enhancing immune function,and combating viruses,among other benefits.Additionally,it finds applications in biomaterials,food preservation,animal husbandry,and aquaculture.In summary,this small molecular peptide plays a significant role in various domains.

Exploration on antibacterial mechanism of Xiangsu Powder based on network pharmacology

Objective:To explore the antibacterial mechanism of the active components of Xiangsu powder through the network pharmacological approach.Methods:TCMSP database was used to search and obtain the active components of Xiangsu powder and its corresponding action targets,and its network relationship was defined.Target points associated with antibacterial effect were searched in Genecards database,and core target genes of antibacterial effect were obtained by mnapping the target points..Finally,the GO biological process and KEGG metabolic pathway were analyzed in the DAVID database.Results:There were 129 active components,250 targets,and 66 biological processes(40 biological processes,13 molcular functions,13 cell compositions)and 35 related signaling pathways.Among theim,quercetin may be the main substance that plays a role in the drugs contained in Xiangsu powder,followed by flavonol kaempferol and favonoid luteolin.Antibacterial targets such as TNF,Casp3,PTGS2,ACTB,STAT1 and NFKB1 are mostly involved in antiviral,anti-inflammatory and immune pathways.It mainly plays a role in the hepatitis B pathway and tunor necrosis factor signaling pathway.Conclusion:Quercetin,kaempferol,luteolin and other active components in Xiangsu powder can participate in the action process of Toll-like receptor pathway,TNF signaling pathway and other pathways through acting on TNF,Casp3,PTGS2,etc.,and finally achieve the purpose of antibacterial.

Effect of modified Wendan Decoction on enteric glia cells in depression model rats

Background:To explore the effect of modified Wendan Decoction on expression of enteric glial cells in depression model rats.Methods:Eighteen rats were randomly divided into the Blank group,Model group,and modified Wendan Decoction group(Decoction group).Depression was induced by isolation combined with chronic unpredictable mild stress in rats of all groups except for the Blank group.Changes of protein and mRNA expressions of the specific markers of enteric glial cells,glial fibrillary acidic protein,and S100 calcium-binding proteinβsubunit(S100β)in the stomach and colon tissues of rats in each group were detected respectively using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Results:Compared with the Blank group,the percentage of positive cells and the mRNA expression of GFAP and S100βwere increased in the Model group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05);compared with the Model group,the percentage of positive cells and the mRNA expression of GFAP and S100βin gastrointestinal tissues of rats were decreased in the Decoction group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:The depression model rats developed hyperplasia,and enteric glial cells(EGCs)was activated.The mechanism of action of the Wendan Decoction on improving depression and promoting gastrointestinal motility may be achieved by inhibiting the hyperplasia and activation of EGCs in rats with depression.

Correction

Title:Effect of Jiangan Xiaozhi decoction on endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway in methionine and choline deficiency diet-induced mice Fei Qu1,Jia-Bao Liao1,Yan-Ping Zhang1,Shang-Li Wang1,Pei-Wen Zhu2,Xin-Ran Song3,Feng Chen11Department of Emergency,Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Jiaxing 314033,China.

Coagulation and analgesic effects of aqueous extract of peanut shells on mice

Background:Peanut shells are a commonly discarded byproduct of peanut processing.However,recent studies have shown that they contain bioactive compounds that have potential health benefits.Specifically,water extract from peanut shells has been identified as a promising source of these compounds.Therefore,investigating the effects of water extract from peanut shells on coagulation and analgesia in mice could have significant implications for human health.Methods:(1)Analgesic experiments:The analgesic effect of the aqueous extract of peanut shells was observed by the hot plate method in mice.The aspirin group was used as a positive control group for analgesic experiments.(2)Coagulation experiment:the coagulation effect of the aqueous extract of peanut shells was observed by the capillary method and slide method.Yunnan Baiyao group was the positive control group of the coagulation test.Results:(1)The analgesic effect of peanut shell water extract on mice was prolonged with the increase in dose.The low,medium,and high dose groups of peanut shell could improve the pain domain of mice induced by the hot plate method in a certain period(P<0.05);with the increase of peanut shell water extract dose,liver weight coefficient increased(P<0.05).(2)Peanut shell water extract coagulated mice,and the high-dose group of peanut shells was the most significant.Within the scope of this study,the higher the concentration,the better the coagulation effect(P<0.05).Compared with distilled water group,the liver weight coefficients of the Yunnan Baiyao group,low,middle,and high dose groups of peanut shells were significantly increased(P<0.05).Conclusion:(1)The aqueous extract of peanut shells has a specific analgesic effect on mice.(2)The aqueous extract of peanut shells promotes coagulation,and the pro-coagulant effect is more significant with increasing dose and the liver weight coefficient increases.

Progress in the study of animal models of atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is corporate in clinical practice,and it can cause a series of complications such as coronary heart disease,which seriously threatens human health.Due to the relatively complex factors of its treatment,there is no exact etiology at present.It is essential to establish an animal model of atherosclerosis that can be evaluated and reproducible to study its pathogenesis and clinical treatment guidance.This article reviews the selection of atherosclerotic model animals and the established methods of models to explore more in-depth research and clinical practice of atherosclerosis.

Exploring the anti-cancer effect of taraxasterol using network pharmacology, molecular docking and in vitro experimental validation

Taraxasterol(TS)is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid extracted from the traditional Chinese herb Taraxacum mongolicum.Previous studies have highlighted its significant roles in exhibiting anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidant,and liver protective effects.In the present study,the anti-cancer potential of TS against cervical cancer was investigated,employing network pharmacology techniques,molecular docking,and in vitro experimental validation.TS exhibits its anticancer properties by modulating multiple targets,pathways,and biological processes.In vitro experiments demonstrated the potent inhibitory effects of TS on cancer cell growth and migration,while no significant impact on apoptosis was observed.The primary objective was to elucidate the anti-cancer potential of TS,which is a crucial lead compound in the treatment of cervical cancer.The findings may serve as a basis for the development of novel anticancer therapeutics and medicine-based interventions for cervical cancer.

Research progress on pharmacological action and mechanism of injection Yiqi Fumai lyophilized injection in treating cardiomyopathy

The pharmacological studies of Yiqi Fumai lyophilized injection in cardiovascular system mainly include anti-cardiac failure,improvement of myocardial ischemia,improvement of myocardial hypertrophy and myocardial injury caused by ischemia and hypoxia.In recent years,a large number of studies have shown that Yiqi Fumai Lyophilized Injection has good protective effects on myocardial injury caused by ischemia and hypoxia by enhancing myocardial contractility and delaying ventricular remodeling.

CGD-1, a defensin-related peptide derived from marine Chinese medicine Ostreae concha, inhibits the Gram-negative bacteria by membrane attack

There is an increasing interest in discovering new antibacterial agents derived from nature to enhance the treatment of various bacterial infections.Defensins and their derived peptide fragments exhibit significant antibacterial activity without any cytotoxic effects,making them attractive features for potential novel antibacterial therapeutics.Crassostrea gigas,a traditional seafood that has been used worldwide for centuries,has its shells applied in Chinese medicine as Ostreae concha.In this study,bioinformatics analysis was used to obtain a novel antibacterial peptide,CGD-1,derived from marine Chinese medicine Ostreae concha.The physicochemical characterization and circular dichroism analysis results demonstrated that CGD-1 assembled into anα-helical structure in a simulated membrane environment,and it displayed antibacterial action against Gram-negative bacteria.The minimal inhibitory concentrations against both Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 and Escherichia coli ATCC25922 were 25μM.CGD-1 was able to efficiently permeate the cell membrane.Changes in bacterial cell morphology were evaluated using a field emission scanning electron microscope.The results suggested that CGD-1 exerted its antibacterial activity through permeabilizing and disrupting the bacterial cell membrane.Therefore,CGD-1 may have potential applications in fighting against pathogenic bacteria such as P.aeruginosa and E.coli.