Multiple humoral and nervous mechanisms,each influencing the cardiovascular system(CVS)with its specific dynamics and power,had been evolutionarily saved both in animals and in human organisms.Most of such mechanisms ...Multiple humoral and nervous mechanisms,each influencing the cardiovascular system(CVS)with its specific dynamics and power,had been evolutionarily saved both in animals and in human organisms.Most of such mechanisms are considered to be controllers of CVS’s function,but there is no concept clearly explaining the interaction of global and local controllers in intact human organisms under physiological or pathological conditions.Methodological and ethical constraints create practically insuperable obstacles while experiments on animals mainly concern artificial situations with certain switched-of mechanisms.Currently,mathematical modeling and computer simulations provide the most promising way for expanding and deepening our understanding of regulators’interactions.As most of CVS’s models describe only partial control mechanisms,a special model(SM)capable of simulating every combination of control mechanisms is encouraged.This paper has three goals:i)to argue the uncial modeling concept and its physiological basis,ii)to describe SM,and iii)to give basic information about SM’s test research.SM describes human hemodynamics,which is under influence of arterial baroreceptor reflexes,peripheral chemoreceptor reflexes,central(cRAS)and local(lRAS)renin-angiotensin systems,local ischemia,and autoregulation of total brain flow.SM,performed in form of special software(SS),is tested under specific endogenous and/or exogenous alterations.The physiologist using SS can easily construct the desirable configuration of regulator mechanisms,their actual state,and scenarios of computer experiments.Tests illustrated the adequateness of SM,are the first step of SM’s research.Nuances of the interaction of modeled regulator mechanisms have to be illustrated in special publications.展开更多
Over the last few years,there is huge scientific attention towards the research related to Extracellular Vesicles(EVs),because of their unique property of inter cellular communications and effective biological signifi...Over the last few years,there is huge scientific attention towards the research related to Extracellular Vesicles(EVs),because of their unique property of inter cellular communications and effective biological significance in diagnosis and therapy[1].Extracellular Vesicles are lipid bilayer membrane bound biological entity,which contains different bioactive compounds(cargoes)such as microRNAs(miRNAs),mRNAs,proteins,and lipids.Based on their origin and size,EVs have been categorized into three different types(a)Exosomes(40 nm-150 nm)are smallest EVs,which are synthesized by endocytic pathways in the cells and secreted in extracellular space through exocytosis process,(b)Microvesicles are secreted from direct budding off plasma membranes and their size varying from 50 nm to 1000 nm and,(c)Apoptotic bodies are formed during apoptotic cell death process and respectively larger in size>1000 nm[1-3].EVs have been identified using different markers,that includes tetraspanins proteins(CD9,CD63,CD81,and CD83),endosomal sorting complexes required for transport(TSG101,Alix),heat shock proteins(Hsp60,Hsp70,Hsp90),and Rab proteins(RAB27a/b)[1].展开更多
文摘Multiple humoral and nervous mechanisms,each influencing the cardiovascular system(CVS)with its specific dynamics and power,had been evolutionarily saved both in animals and in human organisms.Most of such mechanisms are considered to be controllers of CVS’s function,but there is no concept clearly explaining the interaction of global and local controllers in intact human organisms under physiological or pathological conditions.Methodological and ethical constraints create practically insuperable obstacles while experiments on animals mainly concern artificial situations with certain switched-of mechanisms.Currently,mathematical modeling and computer simulations provide the most promising way for expanding and deepening our understanding of regulators’interactions.As most of CVS’s models describe only partial control mechanisms,a special model(SM)capable of simulating every combination of control mechanisms is encouraged.This paper has three goals:i)to argue the uncial modeling concept and its physiological basis,ii)to describe SM,and iii)to give basic information about SM’s test research.SM describes human hemodynamics,which is under influence of arterial baroreceptor reflexes,peripheral chemoreceptor reflexes,central(cRAS)and local(lRAS)renin-angiotensin systems,local ischemia,and autoregulation of total brain flow.SM,performed in form of special software(SS),is tested under specific endogenous and/or exogenous alterations.The physiologist using SS can easily construct the desirable configuration of regulator mechanisms,their actual state,and scenarios of computer experiments.Tests illustrated the adequateness of SM,are the first step of SM’s research.Nuances of the interaction of modeled regulator mechanisms have to be illustrated in special publications.
文摘Over the last few years,there is huge scientific attention towards the research related to Extracellular Vesicles(EVs),because of their unique property of inter cellular communications and effective biological significance in diagnosis and therapy[1].Extracellular Vesicles are lipid bilayer membrane bound biological entity,which contains different bioactive compounds(cargoes)such as microRNAs(miRNAs),mRNAs,proteins,and lipids.Based on their origin and size,EVs have been categorized into three different types(a)Exosomes(40 nm-150 nm)are smallest EVs,which are synthesized by endocytic pathways in the cells and secreted in extracellular space through exocytosis process,(b)Microvesicles are secreted from direct budding off plasma membranes and their size varying from 50 nm to 1000 nm and,(c)Apoptotic bodies are formed during apoptotic cell death process and respectively larger in size>1000 nm[1-3].EVs have been identified using different markers,that includes tetraspanins proteins(CD9,CD63,CD81,and CD83),endosomal sorting complexes required for transport(TSG101,Alix),heat shock proteins(Hsp60,Hsp70,Hsp90),and Rab proteins(RAB27a/b)[1].
